tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38653887350377489362024-03-16T11:53:02.889-07:00Polymer Seminar / Project TopicsThE LaSt rEsOrT To PoLyMer StUdeNtS....Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-63040906271675426372012-05-27T04:02:00.001-07:002012-05-27T04:02:24.487-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<center>
<h1>
Polymers and Monomers</h1>
</center>
Choose one:<br />
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br />
<a href="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/2-polymers+monomers.html#Part1">Part 1: A Look at Polymers</a><br />
<a href="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/2-polymers+monomers.html#Part2">Part 2: A Look at Monomers</a><br />
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
<br />
<a href="" name="Part1"></a>
<br />
<hr size="5" />
<br />
<h3>
Part 1: A Look at Polymers</h3>
Look at the term: <i>polymer</i>
<br />
<i>Poly-</i> means "many."
<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td colspan="3">Study these examples for a moment:</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>polytechnic</td>
<td width="40"> </td><td>many technical subjects</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>polygon</td>
<td width="40"> </td><td>many-sided figure</td> </tr>
<tr>
<td>polyunsaturated</td>
<td width="40"> </td><td>many double bonds</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
So what does <i>polymer</i> mean?
<br />
<i>Polymer</i> means many monomers. Sometimes polymers are also known as macromolecules
or large-sized molecules. Usually, polymers are organic (but not necessarily).
<br />
A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains.<br />
Here is a monomer: <img align="top" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/ball.gif" /><br />
<br />
Here is a polymer: <img align="top" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/ballsticks.gif" /><br />
<br />
A polymer can be made up of thousands of monomer.<br />
This linking up of monomers is called <i>polymerization</i>.
<br />
It is the long chains that give polymers their unique properties. Consider
ethane, CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>, which is a gas molecule at room temperature.
Because of their small size, ethane molecules are very mobile and can run almost
anywhere they want without interacting with other molecules. Now, if we double
the chain length or the total number of carbons to four, we get butane, CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>,
which is a liquid fuel. In liquids, atoms or molecules can no longer act as
independent units. Because of their larger size, butane molecules are less mobile
than ethane molecules. Their lowered mobility allows them to run into or interact
with one another more frequently. When the chain length increases 6 fold, as
in paraffin, CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>10</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>,
we get a waxy substance. In this case, the solid-like propertyof paraffin is
a reflection of the entanglement of its long molecules when they move. If we
keep increasing the number of repeating carbon units to, say, 2000, i.e., CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2000</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>,
we have a polyethylene polymer, which is a very strong, brittle solid. The polymer
molecules have become so long and so entangled that their movement becomes almost
completely restricted. At this point, they appear to be attached to other molecules,
which act as "permanent" neighbors.
<br />
<br />
<center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5">
<tbody>
<tr><td>Ethane</td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub></td> <td>2 C atoms</td> <td>gas</td></tr>
<tr><td>Butane</td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub> </td><td>4 C atoms</td> <td>liquid</td></tr>
<tr><td>Paraffin</td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>10</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td><td>22 C atoms</td> <td>wax</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Polyethylene</td>
<td>CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2000</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> </td><td>4002 C atoms</td> <td>solid</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</center>
Monomers link together by two basic methods:<br />
<img height="13" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/arrow.gif" width="15" /> addition polymerization and<br />
<img height="13" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/arrow.gif" width="15" /> condensation polymerization
<br />
<a href="" name="Part2"></a>
<br />
<hr size="5" />
<br />
<h3>
Part 2: A Look at Monomers</h3>
To get a clear idea of the way polymers are formed, you need to look more
closely at the monomer molecules! There are many monomer molecules. Here are
some examples:<br />
<img src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/monomers.gif" />
<br />
Each of these monomer molecules seems very different, but they do have some
common features. Let's see if you can spot them.
<br />
Look again at the first four monomers:<br />
<br />
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/Addmons.gif" usemap="#addmonmap" /></td>
<td>What is the feature found in each of these monomers? Click on this feature.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<map name="addmonmap">
<area coords="28,30,60,42" shape="Rect"></area>
<area coords="0,0,27,29,61,29,100,0" shape="Poly"></area>
<area coords="0,75,27,43,61,43,100,75" shape="Poly"></area>
<area coords="0,0,27,29,27,43,0,75" shape="Poly"></area>
<area coords="100,0,61,29,61,43,100,75" shape="Poly"></area>
<area coords="0,0,100,75" shape="Rect"></area>
</map>
Actually, these monomers have two distinctive features:<br />
<img height="13" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/arrow.gif" width="15" /> carbon-carbon double bonds and<br />
<img height="13" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/arrow.gif" width="15" /> side groups
<br />
The highlighted areas show the side groups on these monomer molecules. These
groups give the polymer chain some of its properties.<br />
<img src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/sidegrpshade.gif" />
<br />
The double bond, however, is the vital feature that allows these monomers
to form the long polymer chains.
<br />
Now, let's look at those other four monomers. (Note: we have two different
groups of monomers because we have two different polymerization reactions.)
These four monomers contain what we call functional groups. You may already
know that much of the chemistry of carbon compounds is based on certain groups
of atoms that are called functional groups. Let's take a look at a few.
<br />
One example of this is the carboxylic acid group:<br />
<img src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/RCOOH.gif" /><br />
<i>R</i> means the "Rest" of the molecule.
<br />
Here are two example monomers that contain this functional group:<br />
<img src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/COOHshade.gif" />
<br />
Two other functional groups you may see in polymerization reactions are the
amine group, <img align="top" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/RNH2.gif" />, and the alcohol group, <img align="top" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/ROH.gif" />.
Below are examples of monomers containing these functional groups:<br />
<img src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/NH2shade.gif" /> <img src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/OHshade.gif" />
<br />
Notice that each of these monomers contains two functional groups. That is,
they are difunctional. It is their difunctionality that allows them monomers
to form long polymer chains.
<br />
As we move on to polimarization, remember what you read about monomers:<br />
The first group of monomers had<br />
<img height="13" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/arrow.gif" width="15" /> carbon-carbon double bonds and<br />
<img height="13" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/arrow.gif" width="15" /> side groups<br />
The second group of monomers had<br />
<img height="13" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/arrow.gif" width="15" /> functional groups and<br />
<img height="13" src="http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/arrow.gif" width="15" /> two functional groups each (that is,
they are difunctional)
<br />
Let's move on to <i>polimarization</i>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
FROM<br />
http://materialsworldmodules.org/resources/polimarization/2-polymers+monomers.html#Part1 <br />
<br />
<hr size="5" width="50%" />
</div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-88890548004331180982011-08-21T09:27:00.000-07:002011-08-20T22:47:38.318-07:00Plastic Waste Management<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><title>ZoundryDocument</title> <br />
<div style="color: #33cc00; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b style="color: red;">Plastic Waste Management</b></span></div><div style="color: #33cc00; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh16c-485-Z53NHGMU-_OrSe-ESlv7BdGFu1UQiDHClZWoOEqHMKUy4LR1YEeb3JT7AoA87M31qQV8c_hlnSLCTHDo2WXccMP4BitbqbG7mriPYzeiCMouN0dveekWH_N_9ES8b5hm2s50/s1600/image004.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509202276363120962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh16c-485-Z53NHGMU-_OrSe-ESlv7BdGFu1UQiDHClZWoOEqHMKUy4LR1YEeb3JT7AoA87M31qQV8c_hlnSLCTHDo2WXccMP4BitbqbG7mriPYzeiCMouN0dveekWH_N_9ES8b5hm2s50/s320/image004.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 259px; width: 445px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b style="color: red;"></b> <br />
</span></div><div style="color: #33cc00; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #33cc00; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="color: #33cc00; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 130%;">Contents….</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="color: #ff9900; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">·<b>Plastics Waste: Environmental Issues and Challenges</b></span> </div><div style="color: #ff9900; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">· <b>Main Features of the Plastics Manufacture and Usage</b></span> </div><div style="color: #ff9900; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">· <b>Options for Plastic Waste Management</b></span> </div><div style="color: #ff9900; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">· <b>Polymer Coated Bitumen Road</b></span> </div><div style="color: #ff9900; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">· <b>Plastics waste disposal through Plasma Pyrolysis</b> Technology (PPT)</span></div><div style="color: #ff9900; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">· <b>Conversion of Plastics waste into Liquid Fuel</b></span> </div><div style="color: #ff9900; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">· <b>Operational Structure in Plastic Recycling</b></span> </div><div style="color: #ff9900; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">· <b>Current Application Of Recycled Plastics</b></span></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
<b></b></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b> <br />
</b> </div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b> <br />
</b></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Plastics are a general, public material which evince a degree of wonder and surprise. Plastics are important materials in the field of packaging, automobiles, building and construction, furniture, containers, madicine, defence and aeornoutical industry. The continuing growth of plastics and composites in manufactured products focuses attention on the disposal and recycling are im of these products at the end of their life-cycle. However, the poor public image towards the early approaches of handling wastes namely traditional, municipal and incineration method have aggrevated the problem of disposal extensively. Understanding the implications of a waste, understanding the measures adoptable for waste disposal and the need and advantage of a clean enviorn.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics are the two types of plastics made from hydrocarbon feedstrogless. Thermoplastic wastes can be recycled and mermosethiny meterial is more difficult to recycling. Plastic recycling requires information in the following three areas.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">- Collection and seperation of plastic wastes.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">- Reprocessing technology.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">- Economic viability of the recycled product.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Plastic wastes arise from different sources, commercial, industrial, household, construction, demolition, radio active and hospital wastes. Important methodology of plastic waste recycling are material recycling of homogeneous plastic waste, material recycling of mixed plastic waste, chemical recycling and energy recovery.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;">Recycling thus represents not only a means for making production mere cost effective but also reducing the burdwn on the environment in many cases. Recycling reduces the quality of wastes and saves the raw materials and energy which would otherwise used in produce new materials.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 85%;">The- recycling of plastic wastes consist of collection, separation and processing. There are a number of steps involving each stage which are interdependent and strongly influenced by the nature of the waste. The steps are prioritised as materials recycling, chemical and energy recovery, technical and economic arguments are decisive in choosing the steps.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgENi2pyTtRf2cJf8_XjgBjlgBuVXMIjqappOmxplVD55RMQ4MNrEVfmwvnVJmNuKhBo5m9PN1BGaRYGDNJpfx-bRuZDErdjmgNTCturiBGglM7-lfBOfxPQDTOPGz3KdqugVDFJU2KR_o/s1600/image002.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509202273089640370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgENi2pyTtRf2cJf8_XjgBjlgBuVXMIjqappOmxplVD55RMQ4MNrEVfmwvnVJmNuKhBo5m9PN1BGaRYGDNJpfx-bRuZDErdjmgNTCturiBGglM7-lfBOfxPQDTOPGz3KdqugVDFJU2KR_o/s320/image002.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 320px; width: 210px;" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;">Plastic Waste Management</span></div><div style="color: #009900; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="color: #009900;"></div><div style="color: #009900;"></div><div style="color: #009900;"></div><div style="color: #009900;"><b>Plastics Waste: Environmental Issues and Challenges</b></div><div style="color: #009900;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b> <br />
</b></span> </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> The quantum of solid waste is ever increasing due to increase in population, developmental activities, changes in life style, and socio-economic conditions, Plastics waste is a significant portion of the total municipal solid waste (MSW). It is estimated that approximately 10 thousand tons per day (TPD) of plastics waste is generated i.e. 9% of 1.20 lacs TPD of MSW in the country. The plastics waste constitutes two major category of plastics; (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics. Thermoplastics, constitutes 80% and thermoset constitutes approximately 20% of total post-consumer plastics waste generated in India. The Thermoplastics are recyclable plastics which include; Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE), Poly Vinyal Choloride(PVC), High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE), Polypropylene(PP), Polystyrene (PS) etc. However, thermoset plastics contains alkyd, epoxy, ester, melamine formaldehyde, phenolic formaldehyde, silicon, urea formaldehyde, polyurethane, metalised and multilayer plastics etc. The environmental hazards due to mismanagement of plastics waste include the following aspects:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Littered plastics spoils beauty of the city and choke drains and make important public places filthy;</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Garbage containing plastics, when burnt may cause air pollution by memitting polluting gases;</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and may also cause problems in landfill operations;</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing munhygienic problems to the environment.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: #33cc00; line-height: 150%;"><b>Main Features of the Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules, 2003</b></div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b> <br />
</b></span> </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Regulation of plastics waste, particularly manufacture and use of recycled plastics carry bags and containers is being regulated in the country as per "Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 and as amended in 2003. According to these Rules:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . No person shall manufacture, stock, distribute or sell carry bags made of virgin or recycled plastic bags which are less than 8 x 12 inches in size and having thickness less than 20 microns.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . No vendor shall use carry bags/containers made of recycled plastics for storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging of food stuffs;</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Carry bags and containers made of recycled plastic and used for purposes other than storing and packaging food stuffs shall be manufactured using pigments and colorants as per IS 9833:1981 entitled "List of pigments and colorants for use in plastics in contact with food stuffs, pharmaceuticals and drinking water"</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Recycling of plastics shall be undertaken strictly in accordance with the Bureau of Indian Standard specification: IS 14534:1998 entitled "The Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics"</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Manufacturers of recycled plastic carry bags having printing facilities shall code/mark carry bags and containers as per Bureau of Indian Standard specification: IS 14534:1998 (The Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics).</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . No person shall manufacture carry bags or containers irrespective of its size or weight unless the occupier of the unit has registered the unit with respective SPCB/PCC prior to the commencement of production.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . The prescribed authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules related to manufacturing and recycling is SPCB in respect of States and the PCC in Union Territories and for relating to use, collection, segregation, transportation and disposal shall be the District Collector/ Deputy Commissioner of the concerned district</span></div><br />
<br />
<div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Options for Plastic Waste Management</b></span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b> <br />
</b></span> </div><div style="color: #009900;"><b><i>Recycling of plastics through environmentally sound manner</i></b><b><i></i> </b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> Recycling of plastics should be carried in such a manner to minimize the pollution during the process and as a result to enhance the efficiency of the process and conserve the energy. Plastics recycling technologies have been historically divided into four general types -primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Primary</b> recycling involves processing of a waste/scrap into a product with characteristics similar to those of original product.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Secondary</b> recycling involves processing of waste/scrap plastics into materials that have characteristics different from those of original plastics product.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Tertiary</b> recycling involves the production of basic chemicals and fuels from plastics waste/scrap as part of the municipal waste stream or as a segregated waste.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Quaternary</b> recycling retrieves the energy content of waste/scrap plastics by burning / incineration. This process is not in use in India.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: #009900; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b><i>Steps Involved in the Recycling Process</i></b></span></div><div style="color: #009900; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b><i> <br />
</i> </b></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Selection:</b> The recyclers / reprocessors have to select the waste / scrap which are suitable for recycling /reprocessing.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Segregation:</b> The plastics waste shall be segregated as per the Codes 1-7 mentioned in the BIS guidelines (IS:14534:1998).</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Processing:</b> After selection and segregation of the pre-consumer waste (factory waste) shall be directly recycled. The post consumer waste (used plastic waste) shall be washed, shredded, agglomerated, extruded and granula</span>ted</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%;"></div><div style="line-height: 150%;"></div><div style="color: #009900;"><b>Polymer Coated Bitumen Road</b></div><div style="color: #009900;"><b> <br />
</b> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">The CPCB has undertaken a project in collaboration with Thiagarajar College of Engineering Madurai to evaluate the performance of polymer coated built roads laid during 2002-2006 in different cities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">The observations are as below:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . The coating of plastics over aggregate improves Impact, Los Angels Abrasion and Crushing Value with the increase in the percentage of plastics.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . The extracted bitumen showed almost near value for Marshall stability. The entire road was having good skid resistance and texture values.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . All the stretches in the roads have been found reasonably strong.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . The unevenness index values of these roads are nearly 3000 mm/km, which indicate a good surface evenness.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . The plastic tar roads have not developed any potholes, rutting, raveling or edge flaw, even though these roads are more than four years of age.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix performs well compared to polymer modified bitumen mix.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Higher percentage of polymer coating improves the binding strength of the mix.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Foam plastics have better binding values.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: #009900; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Plastics waste disposal through Plasma Pyrolysis</b> Technology (PPT)</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Plasma Pyrolysis is a state of the art technology, which integrates the thermochemical properties of plasma with the pyrolysis process. The intense and versatile heat generation capabilities of PPT enable it to dispose off all types of plastic wastes including polymeric, biomedical and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable manner.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: #33cc00; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Plasma Pyrolysis</b> Technology</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">In plasma pyrolysis, firstly the plastics waste is fed into the primary chamber at 8500C through a feeder. The waste material dissociates into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, higher hydrocarbons etc. Induced draft fan drains the pyrolysis gases as well as plastics waste into the secondary chamber, where these gases are combusted in the presence of excess air. The inflammable gases are ignited with high voltage spark. The secondary chamber temperature is maintained at around 10500 C. The hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogen are combusted into safe carbon dioxide and water. The process conditions are maintained so that it eliminates the possibility of formation of toxic dioxins and furans molecules (in case of chlorinated waste). The conversion of organic waste into non toxic gases (CO2, H2O) is more than 99% . The extreme conditions of Plasma kill stable bacteria such as Bacillus stereothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis immediately. Segregation of the waste is not necessary, as very high temperatures ensure treatment of all types of waste without discrimination.</span></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">The CPCB has initiated the study in association with Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies (FCIPT), Institute of Plasma Research (IPR) The objectives of the study are to conduct performance study of the PPT on 15 kg/hr prototype demonstration system developed by FCIPT/ IPR for proper disposal of plastics waste and also monitor air quality parameters e.g. suspended particulate matter (SPM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), benzene, dioxins, furans etc. with regards to gaseous emissions. CPCB also proposes to undertake study on safe disposal of plastics waste using higher capacity (approx. 50 kg/hr) plasma pyrolysis system as in future and may set up prototype plasma pyrolysis ,plant on demonstration basis (15 kg/hr waste disposal capacity) at specific, locations (hilly and pilgrimage) in consultation with State Government.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: #009900;"><b>Conversion of Plastics waste into Liquid Fuel</b> </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">A research-cum-demonstration plant was set up at Nagpur, Maharashtra for conversion of waste plastics into liquid fuel. The process adopted is based on random de-polymerization of waste plastics into liquid fuel in presence of a catalyst. The entire process is undertaken in closed reactor vessel followed by condensation, if required. Waste plastics while heating upto 2700 C to 3000 C convert into liquid-vapour state, which is collected in condensation chamber in the form of liquid fuel while the tarry liquid waste is topped-down from the heating reactor vessel. The organic gas is generated which is vented due to lack of storage facility. However, the gas can be used in dual fuel diesel-generator set for generation of electricity. The process includes the steps shown ahead:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Conversion of Plastics waste into Liquid Fuel</b></span></div><div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b> <br />
</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG22x9Pc9j8sCJpbroSfes1Jo9wbRFZenQqccX9G8qXhE4JfCjGqlQEJZgaF_hzUfno0DNiuW1gCJLg8nwU7EoNB00Tt_x260X4LomG856WM3kBsUocRiX7RLYNAtf6aaBukk5HBxoZ1I/s1600/image006.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509202287478420802" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG22x9Pc9j8sCJpbroSfes1Jo9wbRFZenQqccX9G8qXhE4JfCjGqlQEJZgaF_hzUfno0DNiuW1gCJLg8nwU7EoNB00Tt_x260X4LomG856WM3kBsUocRiX7RLYNAtf6aaBukk5HBxoZ1I/s320/image006.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 461px; width: 502px;" /></a></div><div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: center;"></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Environment related observations during the process</b></span> <br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . There are no liquid industrial effluents and no floor washings as it is a dry process.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . There are no organized stack and process emissions.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Odour of volatile organics has been experienced in the processing area due to some leakages or lack of proper sealing</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Absolute conversion of liquid-vapour was not possible into liquid, some portion of gas (about 20%) is connected to the generator. However, the process will be improved in full-scale plant.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . PVC plastics waste is not used and if used, it was less than 1%. In case PVC is used, the chlorine can be converted into hydrochloric acid as a by-product.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . The charcoal (charcoal is formed due to tapping of tarry waste) generated during the process has been analysed and contain heavy metals, poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) which appears to be hazardous in nature. The source of metals in charcoal could be due to the presence of additives in plastics and due to multilayer and laminated plastics.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Monitoring of process fugitive emissions in the work area as well as emissions from the engines/diesel generator sets is necessarily required (where this liquid fuel is used) for various parameters such as CO, HCl, Styrene, Benzene, VOCs.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXCZ47ak4sBVl7Qc2AUJ44VFGqTh1D74R71bSzJdwz_R3nC2arT1FJJF_N4CFKQXvH4ZH9alzV_gb3w2AYJvW3tgH0XDL4g0Zn6Oqq-_buIFGWzhD7WFMaImwUTGNcHDMvxKtwqa8R2lA/s1600/untitled.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509202290763756914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXCZ47ak4sBVl7Qc2AUJ44VFGqTh1D74R71bSzJdwz_R3nC2arT1FJJF_N4CFKQXvH4ZH9alzV_gb3w2AYJvW3tgH0XDL4g0Zn6Oqq-_buIFGWzhD7WFMaImwUTGNcHDMvxKtwqa8R2lA/s320/untitled.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 513px; width: 543px;" /></a></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #33cc00;"><b>Biodegradable Plastics</b> </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">The environmentally degradable polyolefin films are defined as those materials that contain degradation process of polyolefin article (bag/film/ sheet) under conditions of composting. Often queries are raised regarding biodegradability of plastics but clear-cut answer is not available about the biodegradability of plastics. In view of above, CPCB has initiated a study in collaboration with Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET) to establish the biodegradability and compostability (e.g. fragmentation rate, degradation rate and safety) of polymeric material available in India and abroad. The study will include:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Inventorisation and assessment of the manufacturing status of biodegradable plastics in India particularly with reference to processing technologies and the environmental issues.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Establishment of the degradation rate (change in chemical structure, decrease in mechanical strength, fragmentation or weight loss) of the polymeric material or plastics material under laboratory scale composting conditions</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Finding out self-life and its impact on environment (soil, water of plastics with reference to colour and additives, once it is disposed off)</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø . Assessment of effects on foodstuffs with reference to natural colors and additives</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"></div><div style="color: red; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling Processes</b></div><div style="color: red; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_8Y3dT2Kog5Qj4biKiKsxbEEfpl0qZM9oNuZmdBqJ-CFQKQ2uUR9jqiAWvwqrHhQVSxfKGP0hu3yglscW1LEpX9DzX1qtV4wz2fPj00bY7RQH2ZiSsX2zlrpkjcIOWcsyVlDKoJyTVyw/s1600/123.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509207274598801890" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_8Y3dT2Kog5Qj4biKiKsxbEEfpl0qZM9oNuZmdBqJ-CFQKQ2uUR9jqiAWvwqrHhQVSxfKGP0hu3yglscW1LEpX9DzX1qtV4wz2fPj00bY7RQH2ZiSsX2zlrpkjcIOWcsyVlDKoJyTVyw/s320/123.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 453px; width: 326px;" /></a><b></b></div><div style="color: #33cc00; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Current Application Of Recycled Plastics</b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 464.35pt;" valign="top" width="619"><div style="color: red; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Waste </b> Recycled Product</div><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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<tr align="left"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 464.35pt;" valign="top" width="619"><div style="text-indent: 0in;">PET Beverage Containers Fibres, fibrefill</div></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 464.35pt;" valign="top" width="619"><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">HDPE Containers Containers</div></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 464.35pt;" valign="top" width="619"><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">LDPE Pallet wrap Refuse bags <br />
Agricultural films</div></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 464.35pt;" valign="top" width="619"><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">PP Battery cases Vehicle parts, pipes</div></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 464.35pt;" valign="top" width="619"><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">PS Coat hangers Plant pots <br />
Vending cups</div></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 464.35pt;" valign="top" width="619"><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">PVC Containers Pipes</div></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 464.35pt;" valign="top" width="619"><br />
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</tbody></table><div></div></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-90852780575358217402011-06-04T04:25:00.000-07:002011-06-04T04:25:01.751-07:00The lithium Polymer battery<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b style="color: red;">The lithium Polymer battery</b></u></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br style="color: red;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br style="color: red;" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div align="left"><span class="title1"><span style="color: blue;">Structure of Lithium Polymer battery</span></span><span style="color: blue;"><br />
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<span class="contend">The cell consists of positive electrode plate, negative electrode plate and separator.<br />
The positive and negative electrode plates are housed in Al foil pouch. </span></span></div><span style="color: blue;"><span class="contend"> <img height="350" src="http://www.exa.com.tw/exa/image/structure5.jpg" width="281" /><br />
</span></span><span style="color: lime;"> <span style="color: #ff9966;"><b>Lithium Polymer Battery</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> <br />
The lithium-polymer differentiates itself from conventional battery systems in the type of electrolyte used. The original design, dating back to the 1970s, uses a dry solid polymer electrolyte. This electrolyte resembles a plastic-like film that does not conduct electricity but allows ions exchange (electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms). The polymer electrolyte replaces the traditional porous separator, which is soaked with electrolyte.<br />
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The dry polymer design offers simplifications with respect to fabrication, ruggedness, safety and thin-profile geometry. With a cell thickness measuring as little as one millimeter (0.039 inches), equipment designers are left to their own imagination in terms of form, shape and size. <br />
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Unfortunately, the dry lithium-polymer suffers from poor conductivity. The internal resistance is too high and cannot deliver the current bursts needed to power modern communication devices and spin up the hard drives of mobile computing equipment. Heating the cell to 60°C (140°F) and higher increases the conductivity, a requirement that is unsuitable for portable applications.<br />
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To compromise, some gelled electrolyte has been added. The commercial cells use a separator/ electrolyte membrane prepared from the same traditional porous polyethylene or polypropylene separator filled with a polymer, which gels upon filling with the liquid electrolyte. Thus the commercial lithium-ion polymer cells are very similar in chemistry and materials to their liquid electrolyte counter parts. <br />
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Lithium-ion-polymer has not caught on as quickly as some analysts had expected. Its superiority to other systems and low manufacturing costs has not been realized. No improvements in capacity gains are achieved - in fact, the capacity is slightly less than that of the standard lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion-polymer finds its market niche in wafer-thin geometries, such as batteries for credit cards and other such applications. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">Component of Lithium Polymer battery</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.exa.com.tw/exa/image/component.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.exa.com.tw/exa/image/component.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Advantages</b><br />
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<li> Very low profile - batteries resembling the profile of a credit card are feasible.<br />
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<li>Flexible form factor - manufacturers are not bound by standard cell formats. With high volume, any reasonable size can be produced economically.<br />
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<li> Lightweight - gelled electrolytes enable simplified packaging by eliminating the metal shell.<br />
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<li> Improved safety - more resistant to overcharge; less chance for electrolyte leakage. </li>
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<li> Lower energy density and decreased cycle count compared to lithium-ion.<br />
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<li> Expensive to manufacture.<br />
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<li> No standard sizes. Most cells are produced for high volume consumer markets.<br />
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<li> Higher cost-to-energy ratio than lithium-ion </li><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Lipolybattery.jpg/742px-Lipolybattery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="258" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Lipolybattery.jpg/742px-Lipolybattery.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">A Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery used to power a mobile phone</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>The lithium-ion battery</b><br />
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Pioneer work with the lithium battery began in 1912 under G.N. Lewis but it was not until the early 1970s when the first non-rechargeable lithium batteries became commercially available. lithium is the lightest of all metals, has the greatest electrochemical potential and provides the largest energy density for weight.<br />
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Attempts to develop rechargeable lithium batteries failed due to safety problems. Because of the inherent instability of lithium metal, especially during charging, research shifted to a non-metallic lithium battery using lithium ions. Although slightly lower in energy density than lithium metal, lithium-ion is safe, provided certain precautions are met when charging and discharging. In 1991, the Sony Corporation commercialized the first lithium-ion battery. Other manufacturers followed suit. <br />
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The energy density of lithium-ion is typically twice that of the standard nickel-cadmium. There is potential for higher energy densities. The load characteristics are reasonably good and behave similarly to nickel-cadmium in terms of discharge. The high cell voltage of 3.6 volts allows battery pack designs with only one cell. Most of today's mobile phones run on a single cell. A nickel-based pack would require three 1.2-volt cells connected in series.<br />
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Lithium-ion is a low maintenance battery, an advantage that most other chemistries cannot claim. There is no memory and no scheduled cycling is required to prolong the battery's life. In addition, the self-discharge is less than half compared to nickel-cadmium, making lithium-ion well suited for modern fuel gauge applications. lithium-ion cells cause little harm when disposed.<br />
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Despite its overall advantages, lithium-ion has its drawbacks. It is fragile and requires a protection circuit to maintain safe operation. Built into each pack, the protection circuit limits the peak voltage of each cell during charge and prevents the cell voltage from dropping too low on discharge. In addition, the cell temperature is monitored to prevent temperature extremes. The maximum charge and discharge current on most packs are is limited to between 1C and 2C. With these precautions in place, the possibility of metallic lithium plating occurring due to overcharge is virtually eliminated.<br />
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Aging is a concern with most lithium-ion batteries and many manufacturers remain silent about this issue. Some capacity deterioration is noticeable after one year, whether the battery is in use or not. The battery frequently fails after two or three years. It should be noted that other chemistries also have age-related degenerative effects. This is especially true for nickel-metal-hydride if exposed to high ambient temperatures. At the same time, lithium-ion packs are known to have served for five years in some applications. <br />
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Manufacturers are constantly improving lithium-ion. New and enhanced chemical combinations are introduced every six months or so. With such rapid progress, it is difficult to assess how well the revised battery will age. <br />
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Storage in a cool place slows the aging process of lithium-ion (and other chemistries). Manufacturers recommend storage temperatures of 15°C (59°F). In addition, the battery should be partially charged during storage. The manufacturer recommends a 40% charge.<br />
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The most economical lithium-ion battery in terms of cost-to-energy ratio is the cylindrical 18650 (18 is the diameter and 650 the length in mm). This cell is used for mobile computing and other applications that do not demand ultra-thin geometry. If a slim pack is required, the prismatic lithium-ion cell is the best choice. These cells come at a higher cost in terms of stored energy. <br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Advantages </b> </span><br />
<ul><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<li> High energy density - potential for yet higher capacities.<br />
</li>
<li> Does not need prolonged priming when new. One regular charge is all that's needed.<br />
</li>
<li> Relatively low self-discharge - self-discharge is less than half that of nickel-based batteries.<br />
</li>
<li> Low Maintenance - no periodic discharge is needed; there is no memory. </li>
<li>Specialty cells can provide very high current to applications such as power tools. </li>
</span></ul><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Limitations</b><br />
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<ul><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<li> Requires protection circuit to maintain voltage and current within safe limits.<br />
</li>
<li> Subject to aging, even if not in use - storage in a cool place at 40% charge reduces the aging effect.<br />
</li>
<li>Transportation restrictions - shipment of larger quantities may be subject to regulatory control. This restriction does not apply to personal carry-on batteries. (See last section)<br />
</li>
<li> Expensive to manufacture - about 40 percent higher in cost than nickel-cadmium.<br />
</li>
<li> Not fully mature - metals and chemicals are changing on a continuing basis. </li>
</span></ul><span style="font-size: small;">Here are a few MANDATORY guidelines for charging/using LiPos (Lithium Polymer Batteries).</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">1. <b>Use only a charger approved for lithium batteries.</b> The charger may be designed for Li-Ion or Li-Poly. Both batteries are charged in exactly the same. Some older cell phone chargers may charge the batteries .1 volt to low (4.1 vs 4.2), but that will not harm the battery. However, inexpensive lithium chargers are widely available and the use of cellphone chargers is highly discouraged. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">2. <b>Make certain that the correct cell count is set on your charger.</b> Watch the charger very closely for the first few minutes to ensure that the correct cell count continues to be displayed. If you don't know how to do that, get a charger that you do know how or don't charge the batteries.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3. <b>Use the Taps.</b> Before you charge a new Lithium pack, check the voltage of each cell individually. Then do this after every tenth cycle there after. This is absolutely critical in that an unbalanced pack can explode while charging even if the correct cell count is chosen. If the cells are not within 0.1 volts of each other then charge each cell individually to 4.2 volts so that they are all equal. If after every discharge the pack is unbalanced you have a faulty cell and that pack must be replaced.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Taps are provided on most new lithium packs. Taps give you the ability to check individual cell voltages and charge one cell at a time. Make sure and get the appropriate connector to go into your taps. Don't try to stick you volt meter probes in the taps to measure voltage. They could slip and short your cells. Don't try to charge more than one cell at a time from the taps. Unless you have an isolated ground charging system, you'll short your batteries out. Refer to your individual cell maker for tap pin-outs. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">4. <b>NEVER charge the batteries unattended.</b> This is the number one reason for houses and cars being burned to a crisp by lithium fires.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">5. <b>Use a safe surface to charge your batteries</b> on so that if they burst into flame no damage will occur. Vented fire safes, pyrex dishes with sand in the bottom, fireplaces, plant pots, are all good options.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">6. <b>DO NOT CHARGE AT MORE THAN 1C unless specifically authorized by the pack vendor.</b> I have personally had a fire in my home because of violating this rule. Todays highest discharge batteries can supposedly be safely charged at greater than 1C, however so far in all cases doing so shortens the life of the pack. Better to buy 3 packs than to try to charge 1 pack 3 times quickly. This may change in the future but as of Winter 2005 1C is still the recommended charge rate. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">7. <b>DO NOT puncture the cell, ever.</b> If a cell balloons quickly place it in a fire safe place, especially if you were charging it when it ballooned. After you have let the cell sit in the fire safe place for at least 2 hours. Discharge the cell/pack slowly. This can be done by wiring a flashlight bulb of appropriate voltage (higher is voltage is ok, lower voltage is no) up to your batteries connector type and attaching the bulb to the battery. Wait until the light is completely off, then throw the battery away.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">8. <b>If you crash with your lithium cells they may be damaged</b> such that they are shorted inside. The cells may look just fine. If you crash in ANY way carefully remove the battery pack from the aircraft and watch it carefully for at least the next 20 min. Several fires have been caused by damaged cells being thrown in the car and then the cells catch fire later and destroys the car completely. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">9. <b>Charge your batteries in a open ventilated area.</b> If a battery does rupture or explode hazardous fumes and material will spew from the battery. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">10. <b>Keep a bucket of sand nearby</b> when you are flying or charging batteries. This is a cost effective way to extinguish fires. This is very cheap and absolutly necessary.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">11. <b>It can happen to you</b>, do not think to yourself that “it won't happen to me” as soon as you do that it you'll be trying to rescue your kids from your burning house or car. I'm very serious about this.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Now that we have covered that important topic let's move on to lighter matters:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">2. <b>Lithium What?<br />
</b>Lithium Polymer batteries are used in many electronic devices. Cell Phone, Laptops, PDA's, Hearing Aids just to name a few. Most, if not all, lithium polymer batteries are not designed for RC use, we use them in different applications than they were designed for. They are similar to Lithium Ion batteries in that they each have a nominal voltage of 3.6 volts, but dissimilar in that they do not have a hard metal casing but rather a flexible material encloses the chemicals inside. The "normal" lithium polymer batteries are thin rectangle shapes with two tabs on the top one positive one negative. The reason we use Lithium cells is that they are significantly lighter than comparable NiCad or NiMH batteries, which makes our planes fly longer and better.</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3. <b>Voltage and Cell Count:<br />
</b> LiPolys act differently than NiCad or NiMH batteries do when charging and discharging. Lithium batteries are fully charged when each cell has a voltage of 4.2 volts. They are fully discharged when each cell has a voltage of 3.0 volts. It is important not to exceed both the high voltage of 4.2 volts and the low voltage of 3.0 volts. Exceeding these limits can harm the battery.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The way to ensure that you do not go below 3.0 volts while flying is to set the low voltage cutoff (LVC) of your electronic speed control (ESC). It important to use a programmable ESC since the correct voltage cutoff is critical to the life of your batteries. Use the ESC's programming mode to set the LVC to 3.0 volts per cell with a hard cutoff, or 3.3 volts per cell with a soft cutoff. If your ESC does not have hard or soft cutoff, use 3.0 volts per cell. You will know when flying that it is time to land when you experience a sudden drop in power caused by the LVC. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">If your ESC has an automatic lithium mode. Use it, it will correctly sense the number of cells and set the auto cutoff appropriately. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">If you have previously been flying with NiCad or NiMH batteries, switching over to lithium polymer will result in a different number of cells being used. If you had 6 to 7 round cells then 2 lithium polymer cells will correctly duplicate the voltage of those cells. If you had 10-11 cells then 3 lithium polymer cells would be right for you. There are a lot of 8 cell flyer's out there that are stuck between 2 and 3 cells. In my experience the best option is to determine how many watts you were using before and duplicate that with your LiPos, Motor, and Prop. For example. If you were running 8 cells (9.6volts) at 10 amps on a speed 400 airplane, then you have 9.6 x10, 96 watts. So if you went with 2 lithium polymer cells (7.2 volts nominal) then you'd need to change your prop such that you used 13 amps. If you went to 3 LiPoly's (10.8 volts nominal) then you'd need to reduce the amperage to 8.9 amps. These estimates are approximate, and some experimentation is required for best results but conserving Watts is a good way to start.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">4.<b>10C from 3S4P? Naming conventions explained.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">How fast a battery can discharge is it's maximum current capacity. Current is generally rated in C's for the battery. C is how long it takes to discharge the battery in fractions of an hour. For instance 1 C discharges the battery in 1/1 hours or 1 hour. 2 C discharges the battery in ½ or half an hour. All RC batteries are rated in milli Amp hours. If a battery is rated at 2000 mAh and you discharge it at 2000mA (or 2 amps, 1 amp = 1000mA) it will be completely discharged in one hour. The C rating of the battery is thus based on its capacity. A 2000mAh cell discharged a 2 amps is being discharged at 1C (2000mA x 1), a 2000mAh cell discharged at 6 amps is being discharged at 3C( 2000mA x 3).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">All batteries have limitations on how fast they can discharge. Because of this many LiPoly batteries are put in parallel to increase the current capacity of the battery pack. When 2 batteries are wired positive to positive and negative to negative they become like one battery with double the capacity. If you have 2 2000mAh cells and you wire them in parallel then the result is the same as 1 4000mAh cell. This 4000mAh cell has the same C rating as the original 2000mAh cells did. Thus if the 2000mAh cells could discharge at a maximum of 5C, or 10 amps then the new 4000mAh cell can also discharge at 5C or (4000mA x 5) 20 amps. This method of battery pack building allows us to use LiPoly batteries at higher currents than single cells could produce. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The naming convention that allows you to decipher how many cells are in parallel and how many are in series is the XSXP method. The number in front of the S represents the number of series cells in the pack so 3S means it's a 3 cell pack. The number in front of P means the number of cells in parallel. So a 3S4P pack of 2100mAh cells has a total of 12 cells inside. It will have the voltage of any other 3S pack since the number of cells in series determines the voltage. It will have the current handling of 4 times the maximum C rating of the 12 individual cells. So say our 3S4P pack had a maximum discharge of 6C. That means that it has a nominal voltage of 10.8 volts (3x3.6) and a maximum discharge rate of 50.4 amps (2100mAh x 6Cx4P ). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">5. <b>Which battery should you buy?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">With so many choices out there it is difficult to decipher what is marketing hype, what is brand</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">loyalty, and what is outright lies. Battery manufacturers are constantly trying to one up one another. While capitalism can drive prices down, it also can give cause to false claims about products. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">One great way to find out what the best battery is, is to look at graphs of the batteries performance. Looking at how low the voltage of the cell drops at various amperages will give you a metric to compare that battery to similar size/weight batteries. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">If graphs aren't your thing then simply look at what other people are using in successful setups that are similar to your application. If a lot of people are reporting long flight times and lots of power from airplane X, with power system Y, and battery Z and you do the same, then if your setup is similar the same battery will probably work well for you. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">It pays to learn something about Watts, Volts, and Amps. Understanding these concepts is beyond the scope of this document, but can serve you well in not only figuring out what battery is best but also in your electric aircraft hobby.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">I'm not convinced that a 30C battery is really any better than a 10 or 20C battery. Sure a higher C rating means it can discharge faster. But at the same time a battery discharged at 20C continuously will be empty in 3 minutes. Do you really only want to use the battery for 3 minutes? I love having burst power in helicopters and boats, but in almost all other applications actually running a battery at or above 20C is useless to me. I prefer to run batteries at 8-10 C and have a little headroom if I need it.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">A final note on choosing a battery. Don't cheap out. Confirm that your batteries are capable of running that the amperage level you plan to use them at. Running a cell at a higher C rating than the battery can handle can not only damage your batteries, but it can also damage your speed control. Castle Creations has an excellent article on how using a weak battery can destroy a perfectly good speed control of any brand. Better to buy a bit better battery than you need than to destroy your electronics.</span><br />
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</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">6. <b>Dealing with temperature.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Lithium batteries like heat, but not too much. In the winter time, try to keep your batteries from the cold as much as possible. Leave them in the car while your flying, or keep them in your cargo pants... etc. At the same time don't let them heat up too much. Try to keep your batteries from reaching 160F after use. This will prolong the life of the cells. A good way to measure temperature is a handheld IR meter, they can be found for around $50.00 at most hobby shops. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Lithium ion polymer</b> rechargeable battery similar to the Lithium-ion but with a solid polymer as electrolyte. Some gelled conductive material is added to promote conductivity. It utilizes the latest technology to become available for consumer use in products such as portable computers, PDA, cellular phones, blue tooth, portable DVD and military electronics etc. Lithium-ion polymer batteries have high voltage per cell, and excellent energy on both a weight and volume basis. Additionally, they can be made in very thin and large footprint configurations. Lithium-ion polymer batteries use liquid Lithium-ion electrochemistry in a matrix of conductive polymers that eliminate free electrolyte within the cell. For operating effectively over a broad range of temperatures and conditions, Lithium-ion polymer batteries contain no metallic Lithium anodes. </span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><img height="271" src="http://www.gaston-lithium.com/images/tech-polymer.gif" width="450" /></span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3865388735037748936" id="f" name="f"></a></b>Lithium polymer:</b> A rechargeable battery using solid polymer as electrolyte. Most Lithium polymer batteries require heat to promote conductivity.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3865388735037748936" id="g" name="g"></a>What is the difference between Lithium-Ion and Lithium-ion polymer?</b><br />
Lithium-ion technology uses a liquid or gel type electrolyte that requires substantial secondary packaging to safely contain flammable active ingredients. This additional packaging not only increases the weight and cost, but it also limits the size flexibility. There is no free liquid electrolyte in Lithium-ion polymer batteries, which leads to stable and less vulnerable to problems caused by overcharge, damage or abuse.</span><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-size: small;">Gaston Narada Lithium-ion polymer batteries demonstrate the characteristics of high energy density, low impedance, long cycle life, flexible shape and excellent safety and reliability. Our Lithium-ion polymer batteries are ideal for lightweight notebook computers, PDA, cellular phones, blue tooth devices, portable DVD, handheld computer, MP3, smart card, watch, earpiece, emergency lighting, scooter and military electronics and other portable equipments. Because of the many benefits that Lithium-ion polymer has over other battery chemistries, this technology may be used in additional markets in the future.</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"> Advantages:<br />
Thinness and form factor flexibility<br />
Higher energy on both a weight and volume basis<br />
Higher voltage than NiCd or NiMH --- fewer cells are required to achieve application voltage levels<br />
Ability to create battery with large "footprint" for thin, high capacity applications<br />
Improved safety-more resistant to overcharge; less change for electrolyte leakage</span> </li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Applications to design:<br />
Has a high level of technology with new and exciting functionality,<br />
Needs to be light weight, portable and thin,<br />
Has either a large or very small footprint,<br />
And needs the maximum amount of energy available to achieve its purpose.</span></li>
</ul></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-20398349983493311502011-04-14T20:03:00.000-07:002011-04-14T09:08:43.532-07:00DISPERSION OF SILICA AND CARBON BLACK IN NR/BR BLENDS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><link href="file:///E:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CSREEJI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C03%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 78%;"><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;">PRO</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 78%;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;">JECT REPORT<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 78%;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;">ON</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Algerian;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt;">DISPERSION OF SILICA AND CARBON BLACK IN NR/BR BLENDS</span></b> <br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 13pt;">AVINASH. R. PAI</span></b><span style="font-family: ";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</style> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">CONTENTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">1) </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">Introduction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">2) Scope and objective.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">3) The dispersion of carbon black in rubber.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">4) Factors that influence the rate of carbon black dispersion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> (a) morphology of carbon black. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> (b) Nature& state of elastomers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> (c) machineries.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> (d) Ram pressure.r.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> (e) Rotor Speed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> (f) Fill factor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> (g) Coolant temperature. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">5) Process of manufacture of tread rubber.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">6) Non black fillers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">7) silica and its properties.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">8) Comparison of silica & carbon black. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">9) Application of silica on tread compounds.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">10) Carbon black-silica dual phase filler/Eco filler.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">11) Testing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">12) Experiments.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">13) Results & discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">14) Conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">15) Reference<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><b><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt;"> <br />
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</style><b><span style="font-family: Rockwell; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> <br />
</o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="Section1"><div style="text-align: center;"></div><b><i><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">INTRODUCTION </span></u></i></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">We all think of quality, We all talk of quality, we all insist on quality</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1.05pt; line-height: 200%;">. In </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">simple words we may say that “quality means fitness for use”. In any industry say, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">big or small, quality is the main concern. Every effort will be made to control the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">quality at every stage of manufacture from procuring raw materials to materials in </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">process to final product. Quality and productivity are the twin-keys of survival and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">success of any modern day industry. The challenge before a rubber technologist, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">therefore, is to strike a balance by making “sensible compromises”. These sensible </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">compromises which allow attainment of satisfactory levels on both the fronts are </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">termed as optimization.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">The quality of a tire is quantified in terms of its performance, and the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">ability of a tire company to give quality tires is judged by the consistency with </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">which their tires meet or exceed the expected performance. Essentially three </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">performance parameters govern a tire's function. These are 1) Vehicle mission </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">profile 2) Mechanical properties and performance such as wear resistance and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">casing durability. 3) Esthetics, comfort and behavioral characteristics such as </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">vehicle steering precision. Of which the most important is wear resistance and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">casing durability. Tread wear is a function of tread compound, including type and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">percentage of elastomer, type and percentage of carbon black, type and percentage of oils, degree of dispersion and type and state of cure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tire is a rubber based product containing various components with various <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">performance requirements, tread wear, heat build up, resistance to cutting and </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">chipping and fuel economy continue to be important to heavy duly truck tire </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">performance. To meet these requirements, compounds based on various </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">elastomers and blends of elastomers are used. The introduction of cis -1,4-</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">polybutadiene during the late 1950s was probably the single most important </span>development relating to the use of elastomer blends in tires. In blends with NR/BR <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">has enabled significantly improved tread-wear and groove cracking resistance </span>without reduction in resilience. Better oil extension and higher black loadings are <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">additional benefits made possible by development of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">BR.</st1:country-region></st1:place> Thus NR/BR blend </span>compounds are mostly used in truck treads as they help to meet most of the above-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mentioned requirements. Among the factors contributing to enhanced performance are the size and continuity of the separate polymer phases and the manner in which </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">black is distributed and dispersed between the two phases.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">The mixture of rubber and ingredients used for manufacture of any rubber </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; line-height: 200%;">is called “compound” and the art of making such a compound is called </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">compounding. Compounding is the basic processing step in tire manufacturing. In </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">compounding, type and loading of carbon black is the most important factor by </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">which the compounder can alter and control the properties of his compound. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Usually blacks with lowest particle size and high structure gives best properties. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.65pt; line-height: 200%;">The increase in abrasion resistance with small particle size is not without </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">Problems. Small particle black are not easily dispersed in rubber and they also </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">generate more heat during mixing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">In<b> </b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">tire industry mixing or compounding is earned out in batch mixing banburies followed by sheeting in two-roll mills. This step is important in<b> </b>the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">sense that, reinforcing filler like carbonblack is mixed with elastomer at this step; </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">While the rate of filler incorporation governs the economics of compounding, filler dispersion in the final compound controls the quality of the end product </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">made from that compound. Inorder to exert its beneficial influence on the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">properties of rubber vulcanizates, die carbon black must be sufficiently dispersed </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">there in. The beneficial effects are better product homogeneity, improved physical and mechanical properties, reduction of premature failure, increased product life, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">consistency of product quality etc. Poor dispersion can give rise to certain </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">detrimental effects. Such as 1) reduced product life 2) poor performance in service </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">3) poor product appearance 4) poor processing characteristics 5) poor product </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">uniformity 6) raw material wastage and high rejection rate 7) excessive energy </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">usage. Poor dispersion on the other hand results in large agglomerates, if are of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; line-height: 200%;">size larger than the inherent flaw size of rubber (10 µm), results in poor </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">mechanical properties and may also result in premature failure of the product as </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">the large agglomerates act as failure initiating flaws.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">THE DISPERSION OF CARBON BLACK IN RUBBER</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39pt;"><br />
<b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">The incorporation of carbon black into rubber vulcanizates generally gives </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">improved strength, extensibility, fatigue-resistance, abrasion resistance etc. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">However, inorder to exert beneficial influence on the properties of the rubber </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">vulcanizates, the carbon black must be well dispersed there in. In addition, poor dispersion can in itself give rise to certain detrimental effects, example, reduced </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">product life, poor performance in service, poor product appearance, poor </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">processing characteristics, poor product uniformity etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">The full effect of reinforcing filler will be realized only when its surface is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">thoroughly "wetted" by the polymer in which the filler is completely dispersed. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">This thorough wetting requires penetration of the polymers into the occluded void </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">space of the structure aggregate into the polymer matrix. The mixing process can be compartmentalized into four major steps for the sake of easy understanding, though it must be remembered that it is not a water-tight compartment. The four </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">major steps are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Wetting of ingredients (incorporation) <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Distribution of ingredients <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersion of agglomerates <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduction of viscosity</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">When carbon black is being mixed into rubber in conventional equipment </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">first the carbon black agglomerates gets encapsulated by the polymer (wetting). </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">At this stage, the interstices within the agglomerates are still filled with air giving a weak crumbling composite. This step is the <b>incorporation step. </b>Then in next stage, the rubber penetrates into the void space. As the rubber penetrates through </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">the narrow channels between the agglomerates, bound rubber is being formed. The </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">bound rubber cements many primary aggregates together. This is the <b>distribution </b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">step</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">The immobilised layer of polymer arising out of this stage-tends to reduce </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">effective cross-section of the channels through which more rubber must force </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">through before reaching the inner part of the agglomerates. This step is followed </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">by the <b>Dispersion Step</b>. Dispersion is considered as a slow erosion phase in </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">which the aggregates are scrapped on the surface of the agglomerates ie., </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">agglomerates are downsized to aggregates, as a result of stresses produced by the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">strain flux due to the mixing process.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 3.25pt 0.0001pt 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Shiga and Furuta have described morphological changes of carbon black </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">agglomerates during mixing in terms of an <b>“Onion” </b>model for dispersion. They </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">suggest that carbonblack aggregates are scraped from the surfaces of agglomerates </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">and dispersed into the matrix. The scraping might be caused by the velocity </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">difference�between the agglomerates and matrix. The mechanism appears similar </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">to the erosion mechanism* Shiga and Furuta observed “tails” at two ends kf an </span><span directions="" during="" felt="" in="" it="" its="" parallel="" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;" the="" to="" was=""></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">that the tails comprised concentrated dispersions of aggregates being scraped off the agglomerates as a result of the stresses produced by the strain flux due to the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;">mixing process.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 3.25pt 0.0001pt 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 3.25pt 0.0001pt 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="color: #33cc00;">COLLOIDAL CARBON</span></span></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="color: #33cc00;"></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 102.25pt 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">(DISPERSED AGGREGATES) <br />
</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 102.25pt 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Schematic representation of the rupture of carbonblack agglomerates </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">and the dispersion of fragments, <br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.25pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.25pt; text-align: justify;"><img align="left" height="216" hspace="12" shapes="_x0000_s1031" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="480" /><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 93.25pt; text-indent: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 93.25pt; text-indent: 2.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Mc. Kelvery proposed the following dispersibility factor <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 93.25pt; text-indent: 1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">K <i>= 6 U </i>Re µ<span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="17" shapes="_x0000_i1027" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="13" /></span> / c</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 120.25pt 0.0001pt 107.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">where Re - agglomerate radius <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 120.25pt 0.0001pt 107.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">µ</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"> - Matrix viscosity <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 120.25pt 0.0001pt 107.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img height="17" shapes="_x0000_i1028" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="13" /></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">- Strain rate</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">C - Inter aggregate cohesive force</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Large agglomerates can give rise to poor mechanical properties. It is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">possible that the large agglomerates act as failure initiative flaws. Agglomerates <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">larger than the inherent flow size for the rubber would be responsible for decrease </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">in mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, energy to break, tearing </span>energy, fatigue resistance etc. The inherent flow size for natural rubber is of the <span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">order, 10µm.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.55pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersion will not reach effective levels if it had not been preceded by incorporation and distribution. Unmixed pockets of carbon black usually result not from inherent problems with agglomerates, but from poor wetting and consequent </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">inadequate distribution. Some dispersion, example breakup of pelletized fillers, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">occurs prior to and along with incorporation. Thus, a problem with dispersion can </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">sometimes interfere with incorporation and distribution, although the reverse is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">more common.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">An effect of incorporating of the carbon black into the rubber is to increase <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">its viscosity and thus its mixing torque. The effect of dispersing the carbon black </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">after it is incorporated is to reduce viscosity and thus the mixing torque. </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Depending on the relative rate of increase in mixing torque due to incorporation </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">and the relative rate of decrease in mixing torque due to dispersion of carbonblack, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">a second power peak will or will not be observed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> <br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 33.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.5pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1.3 <u>FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE OF CARBONBLACK DISPERSION <o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 33.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.5pt;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 33.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.5pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.1 Morphology of Carbon Black<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 33.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">The morphology of the carbon black plays the most important role in d</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">etermining the rate of incorporation of black into the polymer and its subsequent </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">distribution and dispersion. The factors that plays a major role are</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 3.25pt 0.0001pt 33.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -1.45pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Particle size</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -1.45pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 3.25pt 0.0001pt 33.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.8pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Structure of the aggregates</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.8pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 3.25pt 0.0001pt 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersion would be promoted by large aggregate size, high strain rate and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">high viscosity while high cohesive forces that are associated with high carbon </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; line-height: 200%;">black surface area, structure, hard pellets would be detrimental. During </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">distribution stage, if considerable rubber black interaction occurs, subsequent dispersion is rendered more difficult. For this reason low structure, high surface </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">area carbon blacks are more difficult to disperse; their small void space and dense </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">packing leads to large local black cone and their large area provides ample </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">opportunity for early interaction with polymer. At the same time such blacks are </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">quite rapidly incorporated, it is only the subsequent dispersion into individual </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">aggregate that is rendered difficult. High structure blacks have irregular particles </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">packing less tightly with decreased number of inter aggregate contact and are more </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">slowly incorporated, but more easily attain eventually a satisfactory degree of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">dispersion.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.65pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.2</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Nature and State of <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">Elastomers</st1:state></st1:place></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.55pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The case of wetting of carbon black by the elastomers depends on the type <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">of elastomers used, the affinity of the individual elastomers towards carbon, the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">polarity difference (solubility parameter) between the elastomers used in the </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">blend, molecular weight of polymers used, crystallinity, level of unsatruration etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">BR and SBR are considered to have higher affinity for carbon than NR. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">The order of affinity follows the pattern BR>SBR>NR.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.3</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Machinery</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.7pt 0.0001pt 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Banbury in the most popular internal mixer used in rubber processing </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">industry for mixing. Mixing being the first step in processing. The quality of the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">mix obtained at this stage plays a very important role in determining the final </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">quality. The various banbury related parameters are discussed below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.7pt 0.0001pt 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.7pt 0.0001pt 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="28" width="84"><br />
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</td> <td><img height="463" shapes="_x0000_s1030" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="363" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Ram Pressure</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">The major purpose for application of pressure to the ram is to drive the raw materials into the mixing chamber and to prevent their upward exit during mixing, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">thus the force applied to the ram to ensure that materials charged into the mixer </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">engage rapidly with the rotors and also be sufficient to present subsequent upthrust</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">of the batch from displacing it upwards producing a stagnant region similar to that </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">resulting from excessively high fill factor. The upthrust is strongly dependent on fill factor, and the ram force require high compressed air line pressure and large </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">pneumatic cylinders to facilitate working at high fill factors. Increasing the </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">pressure beyond this point is often expected to increase the mixing speed or </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">improve the mixing. In reality however the opposite occurs. Too high a pressure </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">can impede the rotor action needed for extensive mixing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Rotor Speed<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 3.25pt 0.0001pt 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Nearly all the banbury mixers are now equipped with variable speed rotors but they are seldom used to vary the rotor speed during the mix. Mixing is done at </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">optimum speed for a particular batch. The requirement for distributive mixing and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">dispersive mixing are conflicting with respect to rotor speed. The rate of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">distributive mixing is a function of rotor speed, proceeding rapidly as speed is increased; but to retain a high viscosity in the rubber for dispersive mixing it is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">desirable to run the mixer slowly to minimize the rise in temperature. Lower rotor </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">speeds give advantages in the form of better properties due to improved </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">dispersion but at expense of larger mixing times. However low rotor speeds by-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">improving filler dispersion, may enable the requirement for a second dispersive mixing to be avoided.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt; line-height: 200%;">c.</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Fill Factor</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">Fill factor defines the proportion of the mixer chamber volume occupied by </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">the finished mix, that is, it is the ratio of the batch volume to the actual volume of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">the mixing chamber. For getting good dispersion results the optimum fill factor </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">should be used. This is same with the compound viscosity also. In the rubber </span>industry, usually a fill factor ranging from 0.65 - 0.85 is used. When the fill factor <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">is too high a part of the batch may escape the mixing there by resulting in non-</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">homogeneity and non-uniformity of the mix. If the fill factor is too low, it results </span>in the formation of voids in the rubber mass behind the rotors wings or nogs.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; line-height: 200%;">d.</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Coolant Temperature</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">During mixing, a lot of heat is generated. So internal mixers are provided <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">with cooling system inside the rotors, chambers and the doors. When the mixed </span>compound is cooled much it reduces the friction between the compound and the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">inner surface of the chamber there by causing slippage and so the torque of </span>mixing gets poorly transferred into the compound. Hence it prolongs the mixing <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">time. If it is not cooled sufficiently it may cause rapid temperature rise and there </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">oy affecting the compound properties as well as smooth completion of the mixing </span>cycle. Also sudden temperature increase may cause rapid compound viscosity <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">reduction and the energy spent on the compound is poorly transferred into the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">bulk. In short, we can prolong or cut short the mixing time by regulating the </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">coolant temperature as per our requirement. Usually chilled water is used for this </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">purpose.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> <br />
</o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.4 <u>MIXING SEQUENCE</u></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Sequence of Material Input</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.05in 0.0001pt 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">There are three ways of mixing rubber in the internal mixer, namely the so </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">called conventional method, the early oil addition and the upside down mix </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">method. Many variations of these three methods are also used to suit the special </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">characteristics of the individual formulation and the machinery used for mixing. In </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">case of tire compounds using substantial quantities of low particle size carbon </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">black, dispersive mixing is usually the rate determining step of mixing. The </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">material input sequence should therefore be used to maximize the forces acting on filler agglomerates. The maximization is achieved by with holding oils, waxes and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">fatty acids from the early stages of mixing cycle and charging the mixer with only </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">the rubber and the bulk filler, in addition to any particulate additives like ZnO. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">These all should be charged into the mixer at the same time. Unless mastication of a natural rubber is required. When adequate dispersive mixing has been achieved </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">or its efficiency has been reduced by temperature rise in rubber, the oil and other </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">viscosity reducing ingredients can be added. The mixing cycle can be terminated </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">when the oils, waxes and any other ingredients withheld to minimize their </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">residence time at an elevated temperature are adequately distributed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.05in 0.0001pt 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">When elastomer blends are used, it appears that the sequence of blending </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">and carbon black addition is of utmost importance for the distribution of the black in<b> </b>the blend which intern, largely determine the physical properties of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">valcanizates. It is noticed that a banbury mixed master batch cut back with the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">same or with a second elastomer is characterized by a low modulus, hardness, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">abrasion resistance and flexometer heat generation and by a higher elongation and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">rebound value than when the black is added to the elastomer blend.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #33cc00;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.5 <u>NUMBER OF STAGES</u></span></b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 4.3pt 0.0001pt 3.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.55pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The number of stages in which the mixing is done influences the mixing of the compound. For compounds containing large quantities of reinforcing fillers, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">three stage mixing sequence are commonly used. They are the master mixing </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">stage, master remilling stage and the final mixing stage of the master with the </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">curatives. Each of the stage is carried out in the internal mixer. However if the temperature is efficiently controlled in the master mixing stage satisfactorily level </span>of carbon dispersion can be attained even with a two stage mixing procedure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 4.3pt 0.0001pt 3.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.55pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.05in 0.0001pt 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">Other factors that extend their influence in determining the carbon </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">dispersion of the final mix are maturation time given between successive stages of mixing, number of cuts given in the mill etc. Usually a minimum of four hours is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">recommended as maturation period between successive stages of mixing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.05in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.05in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.05in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.05in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2. <u>Process of manufacture of tread rubber</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.05in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The process of manufacture of tread rubber consists of the following operation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.05in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> a) Manufacture of tread rubber<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.05in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> b) Preparation of cushion gum<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.05in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> c) Baking of tread with cushion gum<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.05in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">a) Manufacture of tread rubber</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The important steps involved in the production of conventional and pre-cured tread rubbers are mastication, mixing, pre-warming and extrusion. In the case of pre-cured tread, additional steps involved after extrusion are blank preparation, moulding. buffing, inspection and packing.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">First the rubber is masticated by mechanical process or with the help of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">pepticer to reduce the viscosity of the rubber to a point, where the compounding </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ingredients can be added without difficulty. Excessive mastication results in improper dispersion of Carbon black and low vulcanizates properties, so proper time should be <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">given for proper dispersion of carbon black in rubber mix. Mastication involves the rupture of primary bonds in rubber molecular under the stress set up.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.7pt 0.0001pt 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">After mastication various compounding ingredients are added to the rubber. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The aim of mixing is to make an intimate mixture of a homogeneous mass from the individual ingredients. The homogeneity should not only be in the sense of uniform <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">distribution but also in the sense of uniform dispersion. After through mixing, the </span>compound is sheeted out and kept for maturation for about 24 hrs. Maturation helps to <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">reduce the variation in properties from batch to batch and within each stock.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0.0001pt 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">After maturation, the batch is pre-warmed before feeding into the extruder </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">because if the rubber is cold, then the residence time in the extruder will be more and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">the extrusion process in such a case will not be continues. After extrusion, the batch is <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">earned over conveyers and is cooled so as to eliminate the automatic curing of tread </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">since the tread coming out of the die has got high temperature. Then moisture is </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">removed with a jet of compressed air. After this cushion gum is applied and then </span>wound into rollers and is packed.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">For the production of precured tread, the material coming out of the extruder is cut to the exact length as to serve as blanks for feeding the hydraulic press. The blanks <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">are loaded on to the press platens heated to specific temperature and fitted with </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">moulds having the desired tread design. Then the press platens are closed under </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">pressure for a definite period and vulcanization of rubber compound takes place. After </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">vulcanization, the platens are opened and the product is taken out and then it is </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">inspected for any visual defects, buffed and packed with polythene sheet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">b)</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Preparation of cushion gum<+font></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">The function of cushion gum is to impart proper adhesion of tread material </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">with the tyre carcass. Cushion gum is prepared by calendaring, so as to get thin layer </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">of compound. The important property requirement for a cushion gum compound is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">very good tack and non-blooming characteristics. They are mainly prepared from NR. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">The cure rate of the cushion gum compound should be adjusted so that it is slightly </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">faster than that of the tread compound.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; line-height: 200%;">c)</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Backing of tread with </span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">cushion gum</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 1.1pt 0.0001pt 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">In the case of conventional process, the tread is supplied after applying a base </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">layer of cushion gum to improve the tack, permitting a better adhesion of tread to the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">tyre. Usually the cushion gum is calendared to have a thickness of 0.5 to 1 mm. While </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">applying cushion gum, proper care has to be given to avoid the entrapment of air.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 0.0001pt 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">For precured treads, cushion gum is applied along with the tread on separate </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">roils in polyethylene sheets.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt; line-height: 200%;">From the processing point of view, the desired characteristics of tread </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">compounds are</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Long storage life</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Good tack</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Non-blooming tendency</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Low nerve and good dimensional stability</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <br />
</span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3. Non-black fillers</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A wide variety of peculate filters are used in the rubber industry to improve <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">the physical properties of rubber compound. A general division of filler is based on the effect of the filler on Tensile Strength, breaking strength, elongation at break, modulus </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">and tear strength of the cure compound. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Among the non-black fillers, the highest hardness is provided by rod-shaped </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">or plats like particles in contrast to the spherical particles of similar diameter. This is because; these shaped particles can achieve parallel orientation during processing. Of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">the spherical particulate fillers, precipitated silica, surface treated clays and calcium </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">silicates produce high hardness and high modulus compounds. Fine particled silica </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">gives the utmost in reinforcement in rubber of the non-black fillers. Non-black fillers </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">do not attain so much popularity like Carbon black because</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">1 High reinforcing character of mineral filler is achieved only after treatment. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Such treated filler is presently costlier than Carbon black. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"> There is a general tendency to use mineral filler as extenders to reduce cost. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Non-black fillers being inorganic in origin, tend to find lack of compatibility </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt; line-height: 200%;">with organic origin elastomer. In most cases coupling agents are added for </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">better filler-rubber interaction, which is costly.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4. Silica and its properties</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Silica is of two types</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Ground silica or naturally occurring such as crystalline and diatomaceous earth<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">Synthetic or processed silica such as precipitated silica, pyrogenic or fumed </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">silica which are obtained after further processing of ground silica.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">Crystalline silica in an inert, abrasive large particle, obtained from grinding </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">sand or quartz. Diatomaceous earth or dolomite is obtained from sedimentary rock and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">contain upto 30% of organic matter and inorganic impurities such as sand, clay and soluble salts. Precipitated and pyrogenic silica are high surface area, fine-particle </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">reinforcing filler. Figure below shows the structured of layered silica. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"> <img height="178" shapes="Picture_x0020_3" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="180" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"> <img height="296" shapes="Picture_x0020_2" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="287" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">In 1976 Wagner reviewed the use of precipitated silica in rubber showing </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">that unique properties were provided including (1) Tear, flex, abrasion and heat resistance (2) Hardness, stiffness and modulus (3) Adhesion (4) Low heat build-up </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">(5) High resilience and (6) neutral colour. Combination “of surface treatment and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">compound processing were required to obtain some of these benefits. He further </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">indicated that the silica physical properties which affected rubber performance were </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; line-height: 200%;">(1) Metal oxide content (2) Silanol content (3) Adsorbed water (4) Particle </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">agglomeration (5) Structure (6) Ultimate particle size which is related to surface area. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">Increasing silica surface area, beneficially increase compound scorch protection. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">tensile and tear strength, ilex fatigue life and aged elongation. Increasing surface area </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; line-height: 200%;">adversely increases compound viscosity; heat build-up and cure time and decrease </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">abrasion resistance.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.7in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">Charactenstics of silica</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; line-height: 200%;">1.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">Addition of silica in rubber tend to increase viscosity more rapidly than most </span>fillers</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Most frequently used accelerator systems are severely deactivated by silica </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">filler due to their high surface and the adsorption on the filler surface due to </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">porosity. As a result with loading of around 15 phr and above 1-2 phr of DEG </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">or PEG are added to reduce the accelerator requirement</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">Compound viscosity and cure rate are dependent on the absorbed moisture of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">silica. Moisture in silica behaves as a psudo-plasticizer and cure activator</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">The early addition of silica along with Zno results in lower mooney viscosity, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">greater extrusion swell and lower modulus</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Tear strength increases as the surface area of silica increases</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; line-height: 200%;">Reinforcement with silica is enhanced with coupling agent and the most </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.65pt; line-height: 200%;">effective coupling agent is silane coupling agent which acts as a bonding </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">bridge between silica and rubber</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">The moisture, which is driven off at 105 °C, must be carefully controlled in </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">silica for rubber use. If it is reduced below 3% adequate dispersion in difficult </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">to obtain</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">Silica is hydrophilic and is incompatible with non-polar rubber, whereas there </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">is an affinity between carbon black and non-polar rubber</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.5 Comparison of silica and carbon black</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Although rubber grade silica and carbon blacks are available in various particle </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">size, there major difference is in the surface chemistry. Compared with carbon black </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">whose surface area consists of a certain portion of unorganised carbon, but mainly </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">graphitic basel planes with some functional group, mostly oxygen containing groups </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">located on the edges and crystal defects, the silica surface consists of siloxane and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">silanol groups that are more polar and considerably more active chemically”. The </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">relatively non-polar surface of carbon black is very compactable with the hydrocarbon </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">polymers, while silica is less compactable with general-purpose polymers and gives </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">much lower cohesive bonding force. Moreover, a higher population of silanol on the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">silica surface would lead to a strong H-bonding between silica aggregate and a </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">stronger filler network in comparisons with its carbon black counterpart. Moisture </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">too gets attaches to the silica surface through H-bonding. This strong filler network </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">can give a rigid uncured compound that is difficult to process in extrusion and forming </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">operation. In addition, the lower filler-polymer interaction of silica also results in a </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">lower level of bound rubber in the compound.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><img height="272" shapes="Picture_x0020_1" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image015.jpg" width="291" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b><span style="color: black;">Figure 4. Surface chemistry of silica particle.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">For most of the precipitated silica used in the rubber industry the surface </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">concentration of silanol group varies from 4-7 nm<sup>2</sup>. The Silanol (-Si-OH) groups are </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">acidic in nature and reactive. Silanols show similarities to carboxylic acid groups in </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">their reactions with amines, alcohols and metal ions. At elevated temperature, the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">silanol groups on the surface of silica will react with a number of chemical groups </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">present in rubber compounds. Water absorbed on the surface of filler particle reduces the reactivity of silanols. During hot mixing, some of the absorbed water is removed, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">leaving a very reactive filler surface. If DEG or PEG is present in the recipe, it can </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">replace the volatilised water and reduce the reactivity of filler surface. Figures 4 and 5 shows the surface chemistry of silica and carbon black<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">1.6. Surface modifications of silica</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">The introduction of silica in partial replacement of carbon black can cause cure </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">retardation and this effect increase with silica surface area. Surface modification of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">silica is one of the most effective approaches of changing surface characteristics to </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">meet application requirement. Two frequently practiced approaches used in the rubber </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">industry are</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.2pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">a) Physical modification by adsorption of some chemicals on the filler surface</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 1.1pt 0.0001pt 2.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">When certain chemicals are added to a silica compound, they may be strongly </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">adsorbed on the surface via dispersive interaction, polar interaction, H-bonding and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">acid- basic interaction. Eg: Glycols, glycerols, secondary amines etc. Generally the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">polar or basic groups of these materials are directed towards the silica surface and the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">less polar or alkaline groups towards the polar matrix thereby increasing the affinity </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">with the hydrocarbon polymer. Consequently the filler networking of silica can be substantially depressed resulting in better dispersion in the polymer matrix. Lower </span>viscosity of the compound and lower hardness of the vulcanizate. With respect to the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">dynamic properties, this modification would result in a lower dynamic modulus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">b) Chemical modification</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">Two types of chemicals are used for surface modification</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">i) Grafts of chemical group on the filler surface to change the surface </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">characteristics. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 127.8pt 0.0001pt 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">ii) Grafts that may react with the Polymer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 127.8pt 0.0001pt 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.7pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">The latter are frequently called coupling agent or bifunctional coupling agent as they provide chemical linkages between the filler surface and polymer molecule. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The former is referred as mo no functional even though no chemical reaction with the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">polymer takes place with these grafts. Of this, bifunctional coupling agent is </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">commonly used in tyre industry. The bifunctional chemicals are a group of chemicals, </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">which are able to establish molecular bridges at the interface between the polymer </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">matrix and filler surface. This coupling agent enhances the degree of polymer - filler </span>interaction by reacting with silanol, hence imparts improved performance properties to <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">the filled materials. The most important coupling agent for inorganic filler </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">modifications, silica in particular, is the group of bifunctional organosilanes with the </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">general formula as</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 150.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">X<sub>(3-m)</sub> R<sub>m</sub>Si(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>Y</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">X - Hydrolysable group such as halogen, alkoxy or acetoxyl group <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Y - Functional group which itself is able to react chemically with polymer either </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">directly or through other chemicals. For Y groups important silane coupling </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">agent include amino, epoxy, acrylate, vinyl and sulphur containing groups </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">such as mercapto, thiocyanate and polysulphide.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">The bifunctional silane coupling agent most often contain three (m=0) X </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">groups and the functional group X is generally in the Y position (n=3).</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Silane modified silica forms a lesser amount of filler networks to be broken and re-formed and thus the compound consumes less energy than the carbon black </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">filled compounds. Best-cut growth resistance is obtained with relatively low silane </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">modification and the maximum abrasion resistance is achieved with higher coupling </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">agent modification. Silica without silane modification or modification at low levels </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">can give enhanced tear and cut growth resistance. Adhesive bond strength is usually improved with silica and may be primarily due to improved tear and cut growth at the adhesive interface. Either with or without silane modifications silica generally gives </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">improved ageing resistance.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 16.9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">The main functions of coupling agents are :</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -27.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -1.45pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">To modify the filler surface to reduce the filler-filler interaction</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -1.45pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -27.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">Introducing covalent bonds between filler surface and polymer chain to </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">strength polymer-filler interaction</span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -27.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">Generating higher bond rubber content to prevent filler flocculation</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -27.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">To modify the filler surface to improve wetting and dispersion and reduces the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">tendency to tie up ingredients of cure system.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">The commonly used silane coupling agent in sulphur cured compound filled </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">with non-black filler are A-189 mercapto silane (from OSI), Si 264 thiocyanatosilane </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">and Si-69 tetrasulfide silane (from Degussa).</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">The methoxy or ethoxy group react during mixing with the silanol groups on </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">the surface of silica to give a strong bond. Alcohol is released as the by-product of the reaction. The sulphur containing groups of each structure react with rubber molecules </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">during mixing and vulcanization to give mono, di and polysulphidic covalent bonds </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">and hence reduce filler-filler network. The final silane coupling bond is as shown </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">below.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">The use of the combination of bis[3-triethoxy silyl propyl] - tetra sulphide </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(TESPT) commonly known as Si-69 and silica to reduce the rolling resistance of truck <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">tyre treads was first reported by S.Wolff in 1986. It was reported by him that rolling </span>resistance was reduced by as much as 30%, wet traction remained virtually unchanged <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">and tread wear index decreased only 5%, when a silane modified precipitated silica </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">was used to entirely replace N220 black in a NR truck tread. Below shown is the structure of si-69.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><img height="178" shapes="_x0000_i1032" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image017.jpg" width="487" /> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">It is well known that in the absence of silane coupling agent, silica perturbs the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">sulphur / accelerator cure mechanism, resulting in increased scorch time, slower cure </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">rate and decreased crosslink density. Wolff showed that in the presence of TESPT, </span>the compound Mooney viscosity and rheometer minimum torque of silica containing compounds are reduced. In addition cure characteristics are normalised, resulting in an <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">increased rheometer delta torque, reduced elongation, increased high strain modulus </span>and reduced heat build-up. Bayers demonstrated that a desirable balance of passenger <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">tread properties was obtained when a silane-coupling agent at moderate level was </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">combined with increased accelerator. Bice <i>et.aL, </i>used a composite model truck </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">tread formulation to show that increasing the accelerator level as either silica loading </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">is increased, diminished the effect of the silane coupling agent upon cure related </span>compound physical properties. In that work TESPT levels of 6,8 and 10 % wt. of silica <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">was used. The silica-silane tread compounds demand additional mixing time and </span>temperature to achieve their improved performance.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0.0001pt 2.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The uniqueness of TESPT is that, it can be considered part of the cure system, since it contributes some additional sulphur to the compound and therefore should also <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">be treated as a co-curing agent when sulphur cure system are used. It is also the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">largest molecule and thus requires more time and temp during mixing for adequate </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">reaction with silica filler.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0.0001pt 2.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.9pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">Ever since the modification of silica surface, a lot of work has been going to </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">improve the surface of Carbon black. Even then, the improvement of dynamic </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">properties, hysterisis in particular of carbon filled rubber compounds by coupling </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">reaction was not as appreciable as the case of silica-filled vulcanizate. The </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">difference in effectiveness of the coupling modification between Carbon black and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">silica may be associated with its micro structure. Silica is an amorphous material and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">the silanols are randomly distributed on the silica surface, so that coupling agent are </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">spread uniformly over the surface, which lead to better surface coverage. In the case of carbon black, the functional groups are located only on the edges of the graphitic <st1:city st="on">basel</st1:city> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">plane of the crystalities, so that coupling agent grafts are located only on the edges of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; line-height: 200%;">the graphitic <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">basel</st1:city></st1:place> plane which result in poor surface coverage. The higher </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">concentration of the reactive functional group and their random distribution over the surface would be a key advantage of silica over carbon black for coupling reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">1.7 <u>Application of silica on tread compounds</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">The concept of using highly dispersable silica as the sole filler, together with a </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">silane-coupling agent, for the tread compound of low rolling resistance tyre was </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">patented by Michelin in 1991. Silica was able to replace upto 100% of carbon-black </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">in shoe sole compound, but its use in tyre compounds had been limited to two types of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">compounds namely, OFF THE ROAD tread compounds to improve chipping and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; line-height: 200%;">chucking resistance and TEXTILE AND STEEL CORD BONDING COMPOUND </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">for enhancing adhesive between the cord surface and rubber material. Even in these </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">compounds silica is blended at a low loading. The reason that it cannot completely </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; line-height: 200%;">replace carbon black as the main filler in tyre compounds especially in tread </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">compound is that, besides its poor cure characteristics and poor processability, it </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">imparts very low failure properties to the tilled rubber due to weak polymer-filler </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">interaction and strong filler-filler interaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.7pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Use of precipitated silica in the treads of large tyre has been reported to </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">improve both appearance and abrasion resistance on bad roads. “Wolff showed that </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">use of precipitated silica coupled with the bifunctional silane bis[3-triethoxysilyl </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; line-height: 200%;">propyl] tetra sulphide improved the abrasion resistance of earth mover tyre tread </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">compound to level equivalent to that of conventional compound. Adjusting the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">compound curatives was successful in optimising precipitated silica containing off the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">road tread compound physical properties. Davier and Lionnet showed that the silane </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">activation of precipitated silica benefited the modulus and abrasion resistance values of NR off-the road tread compound. Increasing the primary sulphenamide level and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">using a lower sulphur level also obtained very good overall performance. Walker </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">reported that partial replacement of NR with SBR and carbon black with precipitated </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">silica and use of semi EV cure system enhanced performance of a NR based off-the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">road tread compounds in lab as well as in field.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 404.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Use of precipitated silica in NR and SBR agricultural tyre tread compounds </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt; line-height: 200%;">increased resistance to chipping and chunking. Wolff performed tyre testing of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">carbon black filled NR treads containing at least 10 phr precipitated silica without use </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">of a coupling agent and obtained good abrasion resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">Precipitated silica used in combination with carbon black improves the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">performance of a truck tyre tread compound. Chakravarthy and coworkers has found </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">that use of 30 phr precipitated silica and a mercapto silane coupling agent at 1% as a </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">direct replacement for carbon black increased the resistance to cutting and chipping. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">Higher levels of silica could be used without a significant sacrifice in heat build-up </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">and tread wear by using the mercapto silane coupling agent.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">Ahmed and Schacfer showed that the rolling resistance of a passenger tyre </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">tread of styrene -butadiene / butadiene rubber was reduced about 25% without a </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">substantial loss in wet or dry traction, by using up to 36 phr of precipitated silica and a </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">mercapto silane coupling agent at 3% of the silica level in a 72 phr total filler system. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Wolff reported that with the bis[3-triethoxy silyl propyl] tetra sulphide coupling </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">agent a compound with 20 phr precipitated silica and 40 phr N339 carbon black gave </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">9% lower rolling resistance with negligible changes in tread wear and wet traction <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">1.8. <u>Carbon </u></span></b><b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Silica</span></u></b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b>Duel Phase Filler CSDP Filler or Ecoblack Filler</b></span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.35pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">After the patent by Michelin in 1991 for using highly dispersible silica as the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sole filler together with silane coupling agent for getting low rolling resistance, carbon <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">black manufacturer's developed various concepts to match the performance of silica </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">with new type of carbon blacks. One interesting approach is the joint combination of </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">mineral oil and silica compound in a modified furnace process, which result in </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">particles having silica domain dispersed in carbon phase.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">The CSDP filler or Ecoblack filler is a non-standard carbon black and is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">developed by M/s. Cobat corporation. This new filler consists of a silica phase </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">distributed in the carbon phase with the level of this silica content being one of the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">variables in making different product. The performance of this Ecoblack filler is very <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">close to that of the new grades of highly dispensable silica. The use of this new CSDP filler requires same different compounding and processing technique to optimise the </span>performance.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">When added to hydrocarbon rubber, this filler is characterised by higher filler-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">polymer interaction in relation to a physical blend of carbon black and silica and lower </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">filler-filler interaction in comparison with either conventional carbon black or silica </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">having comparable surface area. In CSDP filler there would be less hydrogen-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">bonding, the main cause of the higher filler-filler interaction between silica aggregates </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">and between the silica domains on neighbouring aggregates, since their average interaggregate distance would be greater. Here since filler-filler interaction is lower, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">less amount of coupling agent is required to being the same level of hysterisis as compared to silica compound. Unfortunately these silicas shows some disadvantages </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; line-height: 200%;">in processing like high compound viscosities, storage hardening and extrusion </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">difficulties like pressure and temperature, scorch and poor surface quality, especially </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">at the edges of the trend</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2,3 <u>TESTING</u></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.1 Characterisation of Compounds</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 73.45pt 0.0001pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">The compounds can be characterised by the following tests. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 73.45pt 0.0001pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 73.45pt 0.0001pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b>A) Mooney Viscosity Test</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">The mooney test, which is used as a routine test to asses the processability </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">of raw stock and compounds, was carried out for all the compounds in accordance with ASTM D 1646-81. The equipment used was MONSANTO Co. USA make </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">model MV- 2000. Here the sample is sheared by a rotating disc in a shallow </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">cylindrical cavity as it cures. The rotor speed is 2 rpm. The surfaces of the disc </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">and of dies which form the cavity are serrated in a grid pattern to grip the rubber </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">mechanically. The optimum test specimen consists of two pieces which will fill </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">the cavity completely, one sample is placed above the rotor and the other beneath <span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">it.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">The specifications of the testing was,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Temperature of the die cavity</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">100°c</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Rotor size</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Large</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Pre-heating time</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">1 minute</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Set time</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> 4 minutes</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Total test time</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> : <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">5 minutes</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">The results can be expressed as ML (1 + 4) 100°C.a typical mooney chart is shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"> <img height="281" shapes="_x0000_i1033" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.jpg" width="283" /></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.55pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">The results were obtained as a plot of time verses viscosity in mooney </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">units. Actually torque required to move the rotor is measuring there. Viscosity at 5 </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">minutes was taken for analysis. Mooney viscosity gives some idea on the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">extrusion properties of the compound. But it is not simulating to the actual shear <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">rate in processing operations.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Rheometer Properties</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Monsanto Oscillating Disc Rheometer (ODR- 2000)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.65pt; line-height: 200%;">The cure characteristics of the compounds were determined using </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">ODR 2000 as per ASTM D-2084. The cure rate, state of cure and processing characteristics can be understood from this test. Here the sample is subjected to a </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">constant amplitude of shearing as it cures. The torque required to oscillate the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">rotor which is embedded in the sample confined to the die cavity under pressure </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">and controlled temperature is measured. As the curing proceeds, the torque </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">required to shear the rubber increases and a curve of torque verses time is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">obtained. A typical rheograph is shown below<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><img align="left" height="335" hspace="12" shapes="_x0000_s1032" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="408" /><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"> The parameters obtained from the rheograph are:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Minimum Torque (Mj)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">It is a measure of viscosity of the stock at the test temperature. The </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">rheometer minimum torque is proportional to mooney viscosity when both the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">tests are conducted at the same temperature</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">Maximum Torque</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 0.0001pt 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">It is a measure of stiffness or modulus at the test temperature. It is also an </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">effective measure of changes in tensile modulus and cross link density.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Induction Time (Ts2)</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.7pt 0.0001pt 1.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">At normal rhenometer temperature the induction time is a measure of the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">time available for mould flow. It is also a measure of processability similar to </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">mooney scorch.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Optimum Cure Time (Tc 90)</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0.0001pt 2.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">It corresponds to the achievement of 90% of maximum cure. It is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">calculated as, Time for 90% of maximum cure, Tc 90 = (M <sub>L</sub>- M<sub>H</sub>) x 0.9 + M<sub>L</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 3.25pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Cure Rate Index</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.7pt 0.0001pt 2.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Cure rate index corresponds to the rate of cure. It is calculated from the Ts2 and T90 values as,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Cure rate index = 100 / T90- Ts2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">2,3.2 Physical Test Methods<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 38.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Sampling, Sample Preparation and Moulding</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Sample is taken approximately from the centre of the banbury compound. It </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">is then kept for 24 hour maturation. After maturation, the sample is cured in a </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">single cavity two piece mould<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Curing temperature :</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">150°c</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Curing time : <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">25 rnin</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Curing pressure :</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;">11/2 <i> </i>tonne</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-right: 2.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">5 test samples from different parts of cured sample is tested and average </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">value is calculated.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Moulding</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.7pt 0.0001pt 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">The final compounds were aged for 24 hours before moulding. The </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">compounds were sheeted out at the required thickness using laboratory mill. The </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">sample is then cured in a single cavity two piece mould. Moulding is done in a </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">steam heated pneumatic press at 150°C at a pressure of 1 ½ tonne for 25±5 </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">minutes. The moulded piece were kept for 24 hours maturation.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Tensile Stress-Strain Properties</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">The stress strain values were measured as per ASTM D-412. Dump bell <br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">samples were stumped from cured sheet parallel to the grain direction using dump </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">bell die (C-type). The cross head speed was 500 mm per minute. The thickness of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; line-height: 200%;">the specimen was measured and feed to the machine so that the following </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">parameters were obtained.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"> <br />
<b>I. </b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tensile Strength</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">This is defined as force per unit area of original cross sectional area </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">required to rupture the sample.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">Maximum Torque</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 1.1pt 0.0001pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">It is a measure of stiffness or modulus at the test temperature. It is also an effective measure of changes in tensile modulus and cross link density.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Induction Time (Ts2)</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.7pt 0.0001pt 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">At normal rhenometer temperature the induction time is a measure of the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">time available for mould flow. It is also a measure of processabihty similar to </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">mooney <b>scorch.</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.15pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Optimum Cure Time (Tc 90)</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">It corresponds to the achievement of 90% of maximum cure. It is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">calculated as, Time for 90% of maximum cure, Tc 90= (M<sub>L</sub>-M<sub>H</sub> ) x 0.9 + M<sub>L</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Cure Rate Index</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0.0001pt 2.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Cure rate index corresponds to the <b>rate </b>of cure. It is calculated from the Ts2 and T90 values as,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 41.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">Cure rate index = 100 / T90- Ts2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.15pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.15pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.2 Physical Test Methods</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.8pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Sampling, Sample Preparation and Moulding</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Sample is taken approximately from the centre of the banbury compound. It </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">is then kept for 24 hour maturation. After maturation, the sample is cured in a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">single cavity two piece mould.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Load at break<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 138px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 178px; z-index: 1;"><img height="2" shapes="_x0000_s1026" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="178" /></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Tensile strength = </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">(KG/cm<sup>2</sup>)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 119.9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Initial cross sectional are</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">II. <i>300% Modulus</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 41.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">Modulus is the stress at a particular strain. It is calculated as follows</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 186.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Load at 300% elongation</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 41.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 243px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 178px; z-index: 2;"><img height="2" shapes="_x0000_s1027" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="178" /></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">300% modulus</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(KG/cm<sup>2</sup>)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 186.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Initial cross sectional area</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">III. Elongation at Break</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Elongation describes the ability of the rubber to stretch without breaking. Elongation at break is calculated as</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 7.9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Length al break- Initial length</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 8.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 219px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 218px; z-index: 3;"><img height="2" shapes="_x0000_s1028" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="218" /></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Elongation at break (%) =</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"> x 100</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 63pt 0.0001pt 6.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 204.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">Initial length <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 161.3pt 0.0001pt 6.85pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 161.3pt 0.0001pt 6.85pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Tear Strength</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">Tear strength was measured as per ASTM D-624 with unnecked 90° angular specimen using Instron universal Tester. ASTM die-c was used for </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">cutting samples. Cross sectional speed was 500 mm per minute. The result is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">expressed in kg/cm. The gauge of the specimen were measured and fed to the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">instrument.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Load required to tear the specimen</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 42.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 188px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 242px; z-index: 4;"><img height="2" shapes="_x0000_s1029" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="242" /></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Tear strength </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">- (Kg/cm)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> Specimen thickness</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">c. Hardness</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 1.45pt 0.0001pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">Hardness is the modulus at low strains. Hardness of the vulcanizate was </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">measured with the help of Shore - A Durometer as per ASTM D-2240, The </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">instrument consists of a calibrated spring to provide the indenting force. The Load </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">imposed by the spring varies with the indentation. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Reading</st1:city></st1:place> was taken after 10 </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">seconds of the indentation when firm contact had been established with the specimen and the mean value of three measurements is reported. Minimum </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">thickness of the specimen for the last test is 4 mm.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.15pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.3 Dispersion Analysis</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The carbon black dispersion is measured in a carbon dispergrader (model 1000 NT) manufactured by <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">OPTIGRADE</st1:city> <st1:state st="on">AB</st1:state>, <st1:country-region st="on">Sweden</st1:country-region></st1:place>. This is an instrument for control of filler distribution and the presence of large agglomerates in all types of black rubber. This is a test equipment, which determines the degree of dispersion <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">of carbon black in the rubber compounds by means of a split field microscopic </span>technique as per ASTM 2663-88 method B. It rates the test piece against a set of <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">transparencies or electronically stored standard (G scale). The equipments presents </span>sample characteristics in a matrix where the X value represents filler distribution <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">and Y value represents the presence of large agglomerates on a scale of 1-10.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">X value: Classification of filler Distribution</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 200%;">For most products, wearing properties and the need for increased process homogeneity are reasons enough for regular dispersion testing. The X value is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">based on an image comparison with a set of ten reference pictures. A rating of 1 </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">represents poor dispersion while a rating of 10 represents excellent dispersion.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">Y value: Agglomerate Count</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 200%;">For some applications, the absence of large agglomerates might be the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">main concern. The presence of large agglomerates might cause surface defects </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">and / or fatigue problems. The Y-value is based on size and number of surface </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">irregularities with a diameter above 23 </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">µ</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 200%;">m. A rating of 1 represents the practical </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">maximum number of large agglomerates. While a rating of 10 represents the total </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">absence of agglomerates above 23 µm.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.65pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt; line-height: 200%;">The equipment makes use of the fact that in a compound in which </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">ingredients are well dispersed, light is reflected from a freshly cut surface, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 200%;">revealing a smooth, unblemished texture. The presence of improperly dispersed ingredients is shown by irregularities which usually take the form of a circular, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">convex bumps or convex pock marks on the surface, and their presence indicates a </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt; line-height: 200%;">less than perfect dispersion of the compounding ingredients. The size and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 200%;">frequencies of these irregularities may be used to judge the degree to which the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 200%;">compound falls short of optimum dispersion. A set of 10 standards based on size </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; line-height: 200%;">and frequency of these irregularities has been established to which numerical </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 200%;">ratings has been assigned.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Below is a optigrader 1000NT used for the analysis of dispersion of both silica & carbon black..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <img height="206" shapes="_x0000_i1034" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image027.jpg" width="360" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Fig: An optigrader 1000NT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> EXPERIMENTALS<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Studies were done on compounds by</span><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Varying the NR:BR ratio .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Varying the RSS grade used.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Varying the oil injection temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Using TBBS instead of MBS. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Studies were mainly done on dispersion of both silica & carbon black by conducting the above trials. How ever other parameters like viscosity of master, remill & final were also studied using a mooney viscometer. All the Rheo properties were examined with a mosanto rheometer. Effect of oil injection temperature was studied at three different temperatures at 140 ,145 ,150ºc. This was done in ban#4 with examining all other parameters.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">An attempt to improve the dispersion of silica was done by varying the accelerator used. i.e using same quantity of TBBS instead of MBS.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For study 4 compounds namely A,B,C,D were studied.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 320px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 192pt;" valign="bottom" width="256"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">NR:BR(55:45)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 192pt;" valign="bottom" width="256"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">NR:BR(50:50)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">C<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 192pt;" valign="bottom" width="256"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">NR:BR(50:50) RSS4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">D<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 192pt;" valign="bottom" width="256"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">NR:BR(50:50) RSS4+RSS5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;">FORMULATIONS USED</span></u></b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 451px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>INGREDIENTS<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>A<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>B<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">NR</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b>55<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b>50<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">BR</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b>45<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b>50<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">STEARIC ACID</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">4.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">4.5</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">ZnO</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">4.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">4.5</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">PCTS(PEPTIZER)</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">0.09</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">0.09</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">SASOLWAX</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">3</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">3</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">6PPD</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">4.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">4.5</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">SILICA</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">2</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">2</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">N220</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">30</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">30</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">AROMATIC OIL</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">7.4</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">7.4</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">SULPHER</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">1.48</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">1.48</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">CTP</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">0.20</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">0.20</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">MBS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.8pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">0.969</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">0.969</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In the case of compounds C & D, the only change in the formulation is the usage of RSS 4 & RSS 5,for checking the dispersion of carbon black & silica and also analyzing their physical properties.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 20pt;"> </span></u></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt;">RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><o:p> </o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">MOONEY VISCOSITY VALUES OF MASTER , REMILL & FINAL<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></div><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 654px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 27.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 143pt;" valign="bottom" width="191"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">ML(1+4)@100°C(MASTER)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35pt;" valign="bottom" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">SL NO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 130.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">ML(1+4)@100°C(REMILL)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 31.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">SL NO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 122.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">ML(1+4)@100°C(FINAL)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 27.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">D<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35pt;" valign="bottom" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">D<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 31.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">D<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 27.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">91<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35pt;" valign="bottom" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">69<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">71<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">64<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 31.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">59<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">64<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">56<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 27.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">86<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">88<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35pt;" valign="bottom" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">67<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">68<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">71<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">61<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 31.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">53<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">62<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">58<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 27.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">79<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">83<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35pt;" valign="bottom" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">67<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">68<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">66<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 31.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">61<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">51<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">62<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 27.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">77<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">84<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35pt;" valign="bottom" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">69<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">71<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">66<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 31.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">58<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">51<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">55<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 27.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">87<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">83<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35pt;" valign="bottom" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">68<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">68<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">64<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 31.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">59<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">65<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">57<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 27.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">80.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">79.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">86.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">83.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35pt;" valign="bottom" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">67.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">68.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">71.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">64.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 31.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">59.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">51.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">63.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 30.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="41"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">56.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">CBD VALUES OF COMPOUDS AT DIFFERENT OIL INJECTION TEMPERATURES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 619px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="3" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.8pt;" width="229"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">CBD @ O/I 140°C & DUMP 165°C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="3" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 143.4pt;" width="191"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">CBD @ 145°C O/I & DUMP 165<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="3" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 148.95pt;" width="199"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">CBD @ 150°C O/I & DUMP 165<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 89pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;"> F MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="bottom" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;">G MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;">F MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;">G MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 71.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;">F MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 77.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;">G MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><spaj face="Arial">5.8<o:p></o:p></spaj></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <t` color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-tse-text-color" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valigj="bottom" width="48"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></t`><td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td bottom="" nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign9="" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNorlal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td 48="" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="bottom" width9=""><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.8824<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4235<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.4294<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4294<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.744<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.594<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.524<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.612<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.124<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.741<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.859<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7412<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">CARBON BLACK DISPERSION VALUES FOR NR:BR RECIPES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 607px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt;"> <td colspan="13" nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="3" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border-width: 1pt; height: 13.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 455.15pt;" width="607"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">CBD FOR 55:45 (NR:BR)RECIPE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="18" style="border: medium none; height: 13.8pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt;"> <td height="18" style="border: medium none; height: 13.8pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt;"> <td height="18" style="border: medium none; height: 13.8pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="13" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 455.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="607"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">CBD VALUES(F MODE)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">SL NO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 172.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="230"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.94<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.68<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.96<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.72<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color whndowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.04<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.72<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.98<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="6" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 228.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="305"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">TOTAL AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.944<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.704<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="13" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 455.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="607"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">CBD VALUES(G MODE)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">SL NO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 172.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="230"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="boptom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.78<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.72<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.66<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.88<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.72<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.68<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="6" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 228.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="305"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">TOTAL AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">TOTAL AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.708<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt;"> <td colspan="13" nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="3" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 13.8pt; width: 455.15pt;" width="607"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">CBD FOR 50:50 (NR:BR)RECIPE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="18" style="border: medium none; height: 13.8pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt;"> <td height="18" style="border: medium none; height: 13.8pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt;"> <td height="18" style="border: medium none; height: 13.8pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="13" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 455.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="607"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">CBD VALUES(F MODE)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">SL NO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="230"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.36<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.14<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.44<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.28<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.44<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="6" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 228.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="305"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">TOTAL AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.768<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">TOTAL AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.356<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="13" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 455.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="607"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">CBD VALUES(G MODE)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">SL NO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="230"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.86<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.26<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.28<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.72<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.44<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">6.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.46<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7.7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.12<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="6" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 228.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="305"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">TOTAL AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">8.284<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">TOTAL AVG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.344<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td height="17" style="border: medium none; height: 12.75pt;" width="0"><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">EFFECT OF MBS & TBBS ON DISPERSION OF SILICA & CARBON BLACKS.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 256px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" valign="bottom" width="256"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">T 718 WITH MBS(530)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 96pt;" valign="bottom" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">F MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 96pt;" valign="bottom" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">G MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">8.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">8.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">8.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">8.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">8.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 256px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" valign="bottom" width="256"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">T 718 WITH TBBS(732)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 96pt;" valign="bottom" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">F MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 96pt;" valign="bottom" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">G MODE<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">X<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">Y<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" nowrap9="" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">8.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr styla="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">7.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.75pt; width: 48pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial;">9.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img height="336" shapes="_x0000_i1057" src="file:///E:/DOCUME%7E1/SREEJI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image075.gif" width="391" /><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 20pt;"> CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersion of both silica & carbon blacks are very essential for the superior properties of the vulanizates. With the increase in the NR content , almost all the physical properties like tensile strength, tear strength, modulus,& hardness was found to increase. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> This can be attributed to the fact that ,the affinity of carbon black & silica is more with NR than <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">BR.</st1:country-region></st1:place> An increased dispersion rating of 6.9 & 9.7 for carbon black & silica was observed in case of 55:45 (NR:BR) compounds. With the change in RSS grade,dispersion was almost similar but an increase in properties was observed in vulcanizates with RSS4 when opposed to those having RSS 5.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Oil injection plays a crutial role in deciding the levels of dispersion for NR:BR compounds this was analysed at three different temperatures 140,145,&150ºc. It was observed that as the oil injection temperature increases the dispesion was found to increase but the cycle time for the batch also increases, so we need to optimise the oil addition temp so as to meet our productivity & profit.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Finally an attempt was made to improve the dispersion of silica in rubber compounds just by changing the primary accelerator used. The usage of TBBS instead of MBS in same levels was found to increase the dispersion of silica only.a dispersion rating of 8.4 was observed with MBS & 9.04 in case of TBBS. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
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<a href="http://www.addme.com/submission/free-submission-start.php">Search Engine Submission - AddMe</a> </div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-51579472924761147732011-03-05T05:55:00.000-08:002011-03-05T05:57:26.523-08:00IMPROVEMENT OF BREAKER OFFCENTERING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">IMPROVEMENT OF BREAKER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">OFF CENTERING</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">By</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></i><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjtcOaZnD2gR80GgMUscLl5EcuEER6isdj8fqoVBsF6zcgqqsGrIOLsBEXdlEnSBtFZXBD0qOWhYIuo9EeaA1mQ-lg-0umKOiClTZVyGf7UBaK47CWDnazERCRRf2rPsrv51A2ieK5PYk/s1600/untitled.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjtcOaZnD2gR80GgMUscLl5EcuEER6isdj8fqoVBsF6zcgqqsGrIOLsBEXdlEnSBtFZXBD0qOWhYIuo9EeaA1mQ-lg-0umKOiClTZVyGf7UBaK47CWDnazERCRRf2rPsrv51A2ieK5PYk/s200/untitled.bmp" width="154" /></a></div><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">RENJITH. P.R</span></b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">STUDY OF OFFCENTREING OF BREAKERS</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">BREAKERS:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> These are short plies with low EPI (ends per inch) cut at an angle and are positioned centrally between tire casing and tread to strengthen carcass against impact. They also provide cushioning effect and increase the modulus of tread area. They are made by rubberizing dipped fabric on calendar and then cutting them by bias cutting machine. Breakers are used mainly in biased tires where as in radial tires they are replaced by steel belts.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> During rotation the carcass transmits all the forces on to the ground through the tread at contact patch. The tread being a rubber mass undergoes considerable deformation while transmitting these forces as well as engaging on the road deformities. This deformation of tread cause excessive stress strain concentration at tread to carcass interface and consequent premature failures. In order to dilute this concentration, a graded structure is opted for biased carcass in which the outer most layer in contact with tread are low modulus suspended plies, or breakers with high gauge of rubber insulation (Low EP (840/2) followed by intermediate layer and real pressure bearing inner plies.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> The EPI (ends per inch), i.e. number of cords per unit area is much lower than carcass plies. This helps for rubber compound penetration between the cards which help in achieving better bond between tread and carcass as well as it provides impact resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">In general the function of breakers can be summarized as<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">It provides stability to the tread and helps in distributing forces uniformly throughout the tire structure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">ii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Breakers hold the tread firmly to carcass and also help in providing impact resistance to tread region.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">OFFCENTERING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Off centering is actually the displacement of breaker from the central position in a band or a tire building drum. This defect can occur mainly during two stages of tyre construction; they are band building and tire building. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Off centering of breakers in tires can lead to;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1) Tread shoulder separation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Reduction in tyre life due to early failures.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">To study about off centering of breakers mainly we deal with 2 departments<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Band building department<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Tire building department<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Band building<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">In band building department the components of carcass, i.e. the inner liner plies and ply squeegees are assembled to form bands. Usually for a truck tire mainly 3 bands are employed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">First band – it consists of the inner liner, plies and ply squeegees. First the inner liner is applied to drum followed by 3 plies with 3 ply squeegees in between.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Second band – It consists of 3 plies with 3 ply squeegees in between<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Third band – it consists of 2 plies, 2 ply squeegees and 2 breakers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Band is usually constructed in a band building machine. Band building machine consists of a metallic drum driven by a shaft, containing a canvas that is held by a tension bar beneath it. During construction of bands the plies are placed in opposite direction. This is same in case of breakers also. The placement of breakers in 3<sup>rd</sup> band should be in such a way that distance of breaker from both ends of ply should be zero or less than 5. When the difference is more than 5 which is the tolerable value the band is said to be offcentred. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Off centering of breaker in band building machine can occur mainly because of <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Machine related problems like<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Canvas shift<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Tension bar alignment<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Light setting vibration<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Material related problems like<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Variation in width of incoming material<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Worker related problems like<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Error in adjustment of light setting<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Stretching of plies and breaker during band building</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Tire Building<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> In tire building process all the components of a tire are assembled to make a raw tire called green tire. The building machine consists of a metallic drum, which is mounted on a drive shaft. The ends of the drum are flanged to suit the bead configuration of the tire to be built. In all cases the overall diameter of the drum exceeds the nominal tire diameter. This difference is known as drum crown height and varies from tire type & size. Radial ply tire require complex and costlier machinery having inflatable textile reinforced diaphragms, overlying a skeletal metal drum shell, to shape the carcass plies and other components up to the diameter for belt fitting.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> In tire building machine there is located a bead carrier ring on either side of the drum. This ring is concentric with the drum and is capable of moving inwardly to provide an interference contact with the drum shoulders and there by transfer and consolidate the tire beads against the partly build casing structure. In the carrier ring frame, there are inbuilt spring steel fingers, which forms a circle turn the plies down the contact shoulder of the drum immediately before the beads make contact. Attach to the building machine base plate and to the rear of the drum are two pneumatically operated component consolidating assemblies each comprising two pairs of shaped disc rollers. The rollers of one assembly are located on either side of the drum and pivot around the tire bead area for the purpose of turning and interlocking various components around the bead. The pair of rollers forming the second assembly traverses laterally, out word from the central line of the drum to consolidate the sidewall elements of to the carcass. In case of ply building system servicer is placed at the rear of the machine. More common is to build bands of plies before building tire. Bands with 3 to for plies are assembled together on band building machine. No of plies in a band depends upon the service requirements. No. of bands in a tire also depends upon the service requirements. The diameter of the band is kept lower than that of the drum. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Drum is collapsed, the two beads are placed on the carrier rings and the drum is expanded. A rubber base adhesive is applied to the drum shoulders. First band is then slipped over the drum under rotation with the help of the stick to apply pressure at the edges. The bead carrier ring assemblies then automatically turn down the ply edges around the drum and consolidate the beads. This is followed by the other bands and the second bead, in between the ply edges are turned around the beads. Then the chafer strips are applied and down with the ply edges. After this tread is applied and consolidated followed by applying of side walls on both sides. Final consolidation is done by traversing rollers. On completion drum is collapsed and green tire is removed from the building machine.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> In case of radial ply construction (which differs from biased ply construction in the angle of orientation of chord in the plies) different approaches are followed. Earlier building and shaping operations were carried out on different machines. But in modern industries both the operations are carried out in the same machine.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Offcentring of breaker in tire building can occur mainly because of <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Error in light setting<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">REASONS FOR OFFCENTERING IN BAND BUILDING</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Machine Related problems.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">. <b>Canvas Shift</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> In a band building machine, bands are constructed over an in extensible canvas that holds the tension bar and the drum. Depending upon the nature of bands to constructed different canvas is used. The canvas lies holding the building drum and the tension bar. During band construction first the canvas is inserted over the drum by keeping the tension bar in closed position. After insertion on the drum, the tension bar is lowered; this keeps the canvas held tightly over machine. Now plies are rolled over canvas and then made into a band. For the proper construction of a band it is necessary that the canvas should have the same perimeter in both the side (machine side and operator side). In case there is variation in perimeter in both side (i.e., difference between perimeter in both sides is greater than 10) then canvas shifting will occur. I.e. canvas during construction of band will move from one side to another over the building drum. (That is canvas moves from area having lesser perimeter to be having more perimeters). In such cases when the builder places the breaker on to the drum, over the plies this shifting movement causes breaker to be placed in such way that distance of breaker from ply ends unequal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> When the canvas shifts whole ply which is placed over the canvas also shifts then builder places. The breaker onto the ply according to the light setting which is incorrect then. The result will be huge difference in distance of breaker from both ply ends. The region of canvas with higher perimeter will have distance of breaker from ply ends greater than the other region of canvas with lower perimeter. The ultimate result will be off centering of breaker.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Tension bar alignment</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Every band building machine consists of a iron bar with a rubberized coating over it placed below the building drum. The main function of tension bar is to hold the canvas in position. The tension bar is usually placed as a cant lever. Now the alignment of tension bar is critical for production of an okay band. The correctly aligned tension bar will have same distance from building drum with canvas in open position that is difference in distance between tension bar and building drum should be zero. If the difference exceeds 10mm then it will put more pressure on 10 the canvas inducing canvas shifting. This will lead to off centering.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">c)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Light setting vibration<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Every band building machine consists of a light setting (which consists two to three laser beams)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Three laser beams are placed with respect to the edge of band building drum<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">First beam for correct placement of plies.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Second and third for correct placement of I and II breakers worker places the breakers and plies to form a band based on this light setting if there is vibration in this light setting because of some kind of machine problems then it will induce the worker to make an off band or offcentred band. Since vibration causes variation in distance set on drum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <u>Material related problems<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>a) Variation in Incoming material<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Fort he purpose of making an ok band, it is necessary that the plies and breakers should have some specified dimensions. When plies and breakers are concerned width forms main area of concern. It is based on this width that light setting in done in band building machine. For example is apply is having a width of 845mm, first breaker – 415mm and 2<sup>nd</sup> breaker 210 mm the light setting is adjusted in such a way that distance of first breaker from ply ends is 317.5mm and that of 2<sup>nd</sup> breaker is 215mm. But this speficaition work only if width of all these components comes in the tolerable range (ie ±5m). Whenever the width of breakers and plies exceeds more than 5mm, it becomes difficult to centre the breaker correctly on the band buildin</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">g drum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">[Even if builder changes to set the breaker correctly on onside because of incoming material width variation the distance of breaker may very badly on other side, leading to off centering]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> The breakers and plies are given a tolerance of ±5mm when the width exceeds 5mm or goes down below 5mm it may lead to off centering. In coming material variation occur mainly due to problems in bias cutting.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <u>Worker related problems</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> i) Error in light setting adjustment<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Each band building machine consists of a light setting comprising of three laser beams over the drum. Three laser beams are provided over the drum with respect to drum edges. First beam for placement of ply, 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> for placement of breakers. For the purpose of building a correct band it is necessary that this light setting adjustment is done correctly by the builder. When the builder creates some error in this light setting the result will be variation from specification, which will ultimately lead to an offcentred band. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">2) <u>Ply stretch during band building<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Since plies and breakers are rubberized fabric they are likely to be deformed when they are excursively stretched when plies or breakers are stretched it will lead to reduction in width of both plies and breakers. When width reduces below a tolerable limit say 5mm, it becomes impossible to centre the breaker on the band building drum. The ultimate result will be correct reference distance on. One side of the band and incorrect distance on other side. (That is huge difference in distance between breakers from ply ends)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">REASONS FOR OFFCENTERING IN TIRE BUILDING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> In tyre building the only chance of error likely to occur is in light setting. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">After bands are made they are inserted on to the tire building drum for making green tire. During insertion of band care should be taken to see that the breaker comes exactly in the centre of the drum i.e., distance of band edges from either side of building drum should be equal. In order to center the band perfectly, light setting is provided at both the ends of the building drum. Light setting consists of a laser beam fitted on to the top of a steel rod placed parallel to axis of building drum. For the perfect centering of band on the tire building drum the edge of band inserted should coincide with the laser beam. As the distance of band edge from light setting increases off centering also increases. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">CTIVITIES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">BAND BUILDING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Studies for off centering were carried out on 4 band building machines building the 3<sup>rd</sup> band.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Machine related problems<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Canvas shift<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">All the machines were examined for any kind of technical defects which could affect off centering.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">ii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Perimeter of canvas was taken in both machine side and operator’s side. [Dimensions are measured after removing canvas from the band building drum]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">iii)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Shifting of canvas for 3 revelations of drum are noted. (3 revelations forward and backward)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Tension bar alignment<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Distance of tension bar form the band building drum is noted with canvas and without canvas. 3 check points are made i.e., perimeter of canvas in operators side, middle and machine side). The distance between drum and tension bar is noted in closed and open position without canvas also.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Light setting vibration<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">i) Light setting is checked continuously after every 3 bands made.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">ii) Material related problems<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Breakers and plies from bias cutting departments are continuously checked for width variation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> For every breaker and ply both upper and lower part are examined for width variation. Cut to cut variation is noted.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Worker Related issues<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Light setting variation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Error in Light setting is a worker related issue so every worker is examined for any kind of variation in light setting. So each worker is examined for correct light setting every machine is surveyed for minimum 3 workers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Stretching of plies and breaker closing band building<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">- The process of band building requires some kind of force to be applied on to the plies and breakers for the purpose of making a band. Plies from conveyer are pulled on to the building drum to form the band. The breakers are also applied in the same way. To see whether stretching has any affect on off centering first points are marked on the ply before it is made into a band and its width is noted. The dimensions are again checked after the ply is made into a band at the same point marked. The same procedure is carried out for breakers also.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Tire building<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Light setting validation is done in tyre building section studies conducted include:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Centering of breaker on tyre building drum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27pt;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">RESULTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br />
</span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Band building<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">The following conclusions were made from the study<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1) <u>Incoming material width variation</u><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Variation in width of incoming ply material were found to be 7mm more than the specified value.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Variation in width of incoming 1<sup>st</sup> breaker was found to be 10 mm more than the specified value. Rare cases recorded shows deviation of 8mm lower than that of specified value.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Width of 2<sup>nd</sup> breaker was found to vary badly when compared to plies and first breaker. The deviation of actual values from the specified values was found to be about 10 mm.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">The above mentioned variations were sufficient to cause breaker off centering.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">2) <u>Machine related problems</u><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Survey was conducted on four band building machines.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Out of four machines two machines showed higher canvas shift of about 12 to 15mm which is very high.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">This data pinpoints the role of canvas shift in off centering.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">3) <u>Worker related problems</u><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Ply stretch during band building<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Stretching of plies during band building could cause only around 2mm to 3mm reduction in width which is negligible.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Both first and second breaker width was found to reduce by 2mm to3 mm during band formation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Studies conducted indicate that ply stretching has no significant role in off centering of breakers in band building.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Error in light setting<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Light setting variation for first and second breakers was checked for 6 operators.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">For first breaker, out of 6 operators, 2 to 3 operators were found to vary reference distance by more than 5mm from spec value.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">For second breaker 1to 2 operators were found to vary reference distance by about 5mm more than specified value.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">The above data clearly indicates the error in light setting which shows that it has a significant role in breaker off centering. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Tire building<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Light setting validation was done in tire building section.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Data collected from tire building did not show any kind of variation<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">From the above data it could be concluded that only source of off centering issue in tire building is off centered bands </span><br />
<br />
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</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 20pt;">CONCLUSIONS</span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"><br />
</span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">The following conclusions were made from the studies conducted<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">BAND BUILDING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Incoming material variation seemed to be the main material related problem that caused off centering of breakers<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Out of all machine related problems canvas shift proved to be the main reason for breaker off centering. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Other machine related issues like light setting vibration and tension bar alignment did not have any effect on off centering.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Main worker related problem that caused offcentering of breakers was the error in light setting<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Other worker related issues like stretching of plies during band building did not have any significant effect on off centering.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">TYRE BUILDING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Data collected from tire building did not show any kind of variation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">From the above data it could be concluded that only source of off centering issue in tire building is off centered bands <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">So the best possible option for improvement of breaker off centering is to reduce the above mentioned problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-15790810969048903362011-02-06T07:30:00.000-08:002011-02-06T07:30:00.021-08:00GATE EXAM -SYLLABUS FOR POLYMER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span id="ContentPlaceHolder1_lblDescription" style="color: darkblue;">Engineering Sciences -</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="ContentPlaceHolder1_lblDescription" style="color: darkblue;"> XE SECTION F: POLYMER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING<br />
<br />
Chemistry of high polymers: Monomers, functionality, degree of polymerizations, classification of polymers, glass transition, melting transition, criteria for rubberiness, polymerization methods: addition and condensation; their kinetics, metallocene polymers and other newer techniques of polymerization, copolymerization, monomer reactivity ratios and its significance, kinetics, different copolymers, random, alternating, azeotropic copolymerization, block and graft copolymers, techniques for copolymerization-bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion. <br />
<br />
Polymer Characterization: Solubility and swelling, concept of average molecular weight, determination of number average, weight average, viscosity average and Z-average molecular weights, polymer crystallinity, analysis of polymers using IR, XRD, thermal (DSC, DMTA, TGA), microscopic (optical and electronic) techniques. <br />
<br />
Synthesis and properties: Commodity and general purpose thermoplastics: PE, PP, PS, PVC, Polyesters, Acrylic, PU polymers. Engineering Plastics: Nylon, PC, PBT, PSU, PPO, ABS, Fluoropolymers Thermosetting polymers: PF, MF, UF, Epoxy, Unsaturated polyester, Alkyds. Natural and synthetic rubbers: Recovery of NR hydrocarbon from latex, SBR, Nitrile, CR, CSM, EPDM, IIR, BR, Silicone, TPE. <br />
<br />
Polymer blends and composites: Difference between blends and composites, their significance, choice of polymers for blending, blend miscibility-miscible and immiscible blends, thermodynamics, phase morphology, polymer alloys, polymer eutectics, plastic-plastic, rubber-plastic and rubber-rubber blends, FRP, particulate, long and short fibre reinforced composites. <br />
<br />
Polymer Technology: Polymer compounding-need and significance, different compounding ingredients for rubber and plastics, crosslinking and vulcanization, vulcanization kinetics. <br />
<br />
Polymer rheology: Flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, different flow equations, dependence of shear modulus on temperature, molecular/segmental deformations at different zones and transitions. Measurements of rheological parameters by capillary rotating, parallel plate, cone-plate rheometer. viscoelasticity-creep and stress relaxations, mechanical models, control of rheological characteristics through compounding, rubber curing in parallel plate viscometer, ODR and MDR. <br />
<br />
Polymer processing: Compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding, blow molding, reaction injection molding, extrusion, pultrusion, calendaring, rotational molding, thermoforming, rubber processing in two-roll mill, internal mixer. <br />
<br />
Polymer testing: Mechanical-static and dynamic tensile, flexural, compressive, abrasion, endurance, fatigue, hardness, tear, resilience, impact, toughness. Conductivity-thermal and electrical, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, power factor, electric resistance, surface resistivity, volume resistivity, swelling, ageing resistance, environmental stress cracking resistance.</span> <br />
</div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-1640254201970510422011-02-04T07:54:00.001-08:002011-02-04T07:54:11.642-08:00FRP ROOFING TILE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><u><i style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span></i></u><b><span style="font-size: 26pt;"><u><span style="color: red;"> FRP ROOFING TILE</span></u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">BY</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrb3cfKeyLlX7BpzcQ5Ml5S4lCAda6HP7IYVVomG-8aW89KY8upnwVlXaljmRTVIg5AegauF7g4hyOeBi0QD8ZOtdbYwh884WYTBcAkR5el1qLdsgKJUDoO-HGLA2h3SvridqDoJGX_M0/s1600/Orkut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrb3cfKeyLlX7BpzcQ5Ml5S4lCAda6HP7IYVVomG-8aW89KY8upnwVlXaljmRTVIg5AegauF7g4hyOeBi0QD8ZOtdbYwh884WYTBcAkR5el1qLdsgKJUDoO-HGLA2h3SvridqDoJGX_M0/s1600/Orkut.jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><i><span style="color: blue;">ABDUL RASHEED.M.P</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<i><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;">CONTENTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">OBJECTIVE <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">FRP RAW MATERIALS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">FRP TECHNOLOGY <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">MANUFACTURING PROCESS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PODUCTION PROCEDURE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PRODUCTION FLOW CHART<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COMPARISON WITH OTHER ROOFING TILE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COST ANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PLANT LAYOUT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">REFERENCE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Reinforcing plastic matrix with high strength fibre material result in production of what is called fibre reinforced plastic. FRP’S have outstanding properties such as high strength to weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance and are easy to fabricate. A wide variety of articles are made by the fibre reinforcing process. A remarkably high strength to weight raio is the main feature. Attracting space craft designers. Elegance light weight and corrosion resistant quqlities make it suitable material in a salt water application. Corrosion resistance property of the reinforced plastic is fully utilized when they are employed in huge quantities.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Different types of roofing tiles are available in the market. But the price of those are very high. FRP Roofing tile has light weight, good finish etc. More over the manufacturing process is simple and it need less manufacturing material.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;">OBJECTIVE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">To produce an FRP roofing tile <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Colour : Brown red<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">No. of layers : 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Weight of product : 400 gm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;">F R P RAW MATERIALS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">POLY ESTER RESIN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">M E K P<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COBALT NAPHTHANATE SOLUTION <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">GLASS FIBRE <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">POLY VINYL ALCHAHOL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PIGMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;">POLYESTER RESIN<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Polyester resin is the main raw material in the composite. It is the base part of the FRP. It is widely used plastis resin because of its adhesive and strength property are high. Two grades of polyester resin are available in the market. One is high viscous a[polyester the second is low viscous polyester resin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">METHYL ETHYL KETONE PEROXIDE [ M E KP ]<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">It is termed as MEKP, it is used as the catalyst of this product. It is used to speed up the reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;">COBALT NAPHTHANATE <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">It is used as the promoter in the F R P product so it helps to speed up the reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;">GLASS FIBRE <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">It acts as a reinforcing material. Good clarity, mixing capacity,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Good strength , resistance to corrosion are the major advantages of this fibre.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;">POLY VILYL ALCHAHOL<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PVA is used as the mould releasing agent it is applied to prevent the final fabricated article from sticking.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">OTHER REQUIREMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Mould <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Mixing bowl<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Brushes <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">F R P TECHNOLOGY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">F RP is low priced fabrication process which can be carry out in a cottage industry. The size of the articles which can produce from small to big. The major fabrication techniques is used for making FRP products are sub divided in to two they are open moulded and close moulded techniques.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiGQmMMkkehH2j7yVHm1AxW6FPi4cQSaLaqFgc6-Eoi-Fd-1Mfayxo7BTLnpeJq5Tlm6Rc3YKKyudCrBKu7pg5LGlm2DKerUTQN7MJhG3JGpSTMX-IzoDJwrf_p7xzlIVUt28Ii0Igy3g/s1600/untitled.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiGQmMMkkehH2j7yVHm1AxW6FPi4cQSaLaqFgc6-Eoi-Fd-1Mfayxo7BTLnpeJq5Tlm6Rc3YKKyudCrBKu7pg5LGlm2DKerUTQN7MJhG3JGpSTMX-IzoDJwrf_p7xzlIVUt28Ii0Igy3g/s640/untitled.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Major steps involved are, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Cleaning the mould <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Applying the mould releasing agent<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Apply gelcoat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Apply surface tissue <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Consolidate the gelcoat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Apply reinforce ment<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Consolidate the reinforcement with compounded resin using brush or hand roller<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Repeat the consolidation with resin and reinforcement <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Apply top coat and brush it to the required finish.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">A precut glass cloth or mat is then laid over the glass cloth. Rollers are used to press the glass cloth on the resin uniformly and also remove the air entrapped air bubbles. Alternate layers of resins and glass cloths are laid in a similar sequence until the required thickness is build up. The whole set up is then cured eieher at the ambient on elevated temperature. After curing is completed the reinforced plastic material is thus trimmed and is removed from the mould and subjected to trimming and finishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">MANUFACTURING PROCESS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">The first step in the production of FRP based roofing tile is cleaning the mould and wax paste to avoid scratches and for surface smoothness. Mould releasing agent PVA applied using sponge. PVA is a water soluble polymer. So mould releasing easy.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">After PVA drying gelcoat is applied using laminating brush. For the production of FRP based roofing tile general purpose resin is used. The gel coat in the ratio of 1 kg resin for 100 gm of pigment.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">It is stirred thoroughly and mixed with Cobalt Naphthanate and MEKP. Gelcoat is applied whole of the mould surface with a brush. After that required size fibre adhered to the gelcoat surface by applying resin compound using laminating brush. Process is repeated to get the required thickness and allowed to setting the product.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Usually within half an hour moulding become cured. Then the product is released from the mould using water with force. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PRODUCTION PROCEDURE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">HAND LAYUP METHOD<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCpJZfccbYBK4OXzo4v9fBYHRVXbbhsTQYtw5wzQGmB0Tc9rMT_lS8xFGU7v7YHM3ZfpCjYOR9D-EDhEYhtRGvE6vIDm2YBJSKW8GmobOk5zCjWj8JU-vBlMJ2OIW_FYV4QGl59WlWkaw/s1600/untitledngf.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCpJZfccbYBK4OXzo4v9fBYHRVXbbhsTQYtw5wzQGmB0Tc9rMT_lS8xFGU7v7YHM3ZfpCjYOR9D-EDhEYhtRGvE6vIDm2YBJSKW8GmobOk5zCjWj8JU-vBlMJ2OIW_FYV4QGl59WlWkaw/s640/untitledngf.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">This is probably the simplest method for producing reinforced plastic products. The quality of the end product depends to a large extent on the skill of the operator. Polyester resin , MEKP, Cobalt Naphthanate and colours are mixed veryb well and then coating of mould releasing agent such as PVA silicone and wax are applied on mould. After the application of emulsion , it is allowed to stand for 10 minutes: because evaporation time is essential for the FRP product. After 10 minutes the mould is washed with resin matrix with the help of a brush. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;">PRODUCTION FLOW CHART<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Clean the mould<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Mixing the ingradients<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Apply release agent<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Apply gelcoat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Precut glass cloth is placed<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Apply resin<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Placed to cure<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Ejection of product<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.95in;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Trimming<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Finishing<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">↓ <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Inspection<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">CPMPARISON WITH OTHER TILE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.6pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 25.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">FRP BASED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">CLAY BASED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.5pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Light weight<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> High weight <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 35.5pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 35.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.05in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Low cost<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 35.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> High cost <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 34.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 34.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Easy processability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 34.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Processing is complicated <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 44.5pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 44.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">No painting and polishing<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">required<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Painting and polishing <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> required<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">APPLICATION</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">It is used for roofing purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COST ANALYSIS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 23.4pt; width: 492px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INGRADIENTS<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">QUANTITY<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COST<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Glass fibre<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">100 gm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">8.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Polyester resin<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">200 gm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">18.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">MEKP<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Cobalt Naphthanate<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">5 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">4.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PVA<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">5 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Sand paper 1 sheet<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Cotton waste<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">TOTAL<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">40.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">REQUIREMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Labours 2 Person<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Mould 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> In modern life FRP based products are more useful. This is used for a variety of application. This is a development of plastic product. Compared to another manufacturing process of plastic products it has more advantages.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">REFERENCE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">FRP technology by R.G Whetherhead<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-11438528959138371112011-01-29T08:02:00.000-08:002011-01-29T08:02:12.311-08:00FRP RADIATOR GRILL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///L:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 26pt;">FRP RADIATOR GRILL</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">SUBMITTED BY</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: blue;">AJESH.A</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;">CONTENTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">OBJECTIVE <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">FRP RAW MATERIALS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">FRP TECHNOLOGY <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">MANUFACTURING PROCESS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PODUCTION PROCEDURE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PRODUCTION FLOW CHART<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COMPARISON WITH OTHER RADIATOR GRILL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COST ANALYSIS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PLANT LAYOUT <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16pt;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">REFERENCE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Reinforcing plastic matrix with high strength fibre material result in production of what is called fibre reinforced plastic. FRP’S have outstanding properties such as high strength to weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance and are easy to fabricate. A wide variety of articles are made by the fibre reinforcing process. A remarkably high strength to weight raio is the main feature. Attracting space craft designers. Elegance light weight and corrosion resistant quqlities make it suitable material in a salt water application. Corrosion resistance property of the reinforced plastic is fully utilized when they are employed in huge quantities.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Different type of Radiator grills are available in the market. But the price of those are very high. FRP Radiator grill has light weight, good finish etc. More over the manufacturing process is simple and it need less manufacturing material.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;">OBJECTIVE</span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;"></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;"></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">To produce an FRP Radiator grill <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Colour : Black <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">No. of layers : 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Weight of product : 1.650 gm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;">F R P RAW MATERIALS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">POLY ESTER RESIN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">M E K P<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COBALT NAPHTHANATE SOLUTION <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">GLASS FIBRE <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">POLY VINYL ALCHAHOL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">A precut glass cloth or mat is then laid over the glass cloth. Rollers are used to press the glass cloth on the resin uniformly and also remove the air entrapped air bubbles. Alternate layers of resins and glass cloths are laid in a similar sequence until the required thickness is build up. The whole set up is then cured eieher at the ambient on elevated temperature. After curing is completed the reinforced plastic material is thus trimmed and is removed from the mould and subjected to trimming and finishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">MANUFACTURING PROCESS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">The first step in the production of FRP based Radiator grill is cleaning the mould and wax paste to avoid scratches and for surface smoothness. Mould releasing agent PVA applied using sponge. PVA is a water soluble polymer. So mould releasing easy.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">After PVA drying gelcoat is applied using laminating brush. For the production of FRP based Radiator grill general purpose resin is used. The gelcoat in the ratio of 1 kg resin for 100 gm of pigment.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">It is stirred thoroughly and mixed with Cobalt Naphthanate and MEKP. Gel coat is applied whole of the mould surface with a brush. After that required size fibre adhered to the gelcoat surface by applying resin compound using laminating brush. Process is repeated to get the required thickness and allowed to setting the product.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Usually within half an hour moulding become cured. Then the product is released from the mould using water with force. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br />
</span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COMPARISON WITH OTHER RADIATOR GRILL<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.6pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 25.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">FRP BASED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">CLAY BASED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.5pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Light weight<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> High weight <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 35.5pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 35.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.05in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Low cost<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 35.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.8pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> High cost <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 34.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 34.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Easy processability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 34.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Processing is complicated <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 44.5pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 44.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 207pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">No painting and polishing<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">required<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 44.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Painting and polishing <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> required<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">APPLICATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">It is used for Automobile purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COST ANALYSIS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 23.4pt; width: 492px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">INGRADIENTS<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">QUANTITY<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">COST<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Glass fibre<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">100 gm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">8.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Polyester resin<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">200 gm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">18.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">MEKP<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Cobalt Naphthanate<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">5 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">4.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PVA<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">5 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Sand paper 1 sheet<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">3.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Cotton waste<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">2.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">TOTAL<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">40.00<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">REQUIREMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Labours 2 Person<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Mould 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> In modern life FRP based products are more useful. This is used for a variety of application. This is a development of plastic product. Compared to another manufacturing process of plastic products it has more advantages.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">REFERENCE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">FRP technology by R.G Whetherhead<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-55386463403440996412011-01-01T17:55:00.000-08:002011-01-01T07:12:45.595-08:00truck tyre compounding<div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Optimization Of property variation in <br />
truck tyre compound </span> </div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">By <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hiran Mayookh Lal</span> <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Abhishek Krishna G</span> <br />
<br />
<br />
________________________________________ <br />
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<div class="Section1"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">CONTENTS</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><u>Page number</u><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b>SCOPE OF PROJECT : 1<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b>OUTLINE OF WORK : 2<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b>COMPANY PROFILE : 4<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b>INTRODUCTION : 5 – 30<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">GENERAL RUBBER COMPOUNDING<b> : 6<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">AN INTRODUCTION TO SBR 1712<b> : 30<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b>EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS : 31 – 46<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">MATERIALS USED<b> : 32<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">COMPOUNDING<b> : 36<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">PROCESSABILITY STUDIES<b> : 38<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">PHYSICAL TESTING OF CURED SAMPLES<b> : 40<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b>TESTS & RESULTS : 47 – 62<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b>VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b>CONCLUSION : 63<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>VIII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b>RECOMMENDATIONS : 64<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 225%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>IX.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b>REFERENCE & WEBSITES VISITED : 65<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">SCOPE OF THE PROJECT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Natural rubber (NR) is the major raw material for tyre industry. Nowadays the cost of NR is increasing dramatically. So the tyre manufacturers are forced to reduce the amount of NR used in tyre compounds with synthetic rubbers.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">SBR 1712 is an economical grade of SBR produced now. It also gives an optimum balance of processing & physical properties. Other advantages of SBR 1712 is high amount of filler loading is possible, that will increase abrasion resistance of compound. Abrasion resistance is prime requirement of tyre tread compound. So we select SBR 1712 to replace some part of NR in heavy duty truck tyre tread cap.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>PRICE OF NATURAL RUBBER & SBR 1712 in 2009</u></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(Rupees per quintal)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 51.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 23.3pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica-Bold; font-size: 10pt;">Month </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica-Bold; font-size: 10pt;">RSS 4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica-Bold; font-size: 10pt;">(Domestic)</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 23.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica-Bold; font-size: 10pt;">SBR 1712<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica-Bold; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.45pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">January </span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">7034</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.45pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">February</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">6903</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.45pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">March</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">7583</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">April</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">9488</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal">8027</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">May</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">9805</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">June</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">9913</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">July</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">9819</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">August</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">10250</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">September</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">10651</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">October</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">10898</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">November</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">11302</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 14.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.2pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">December</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.35pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal">13430</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.7pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal">8018</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Note: Domestic price (RSS 4) refers to Kottayam market.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Courtesy: Monthly Rubber Statistical News - </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">VOL.68 No.7 December 2009<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">OUTLINE OF WORK<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The project work is on replacement of NR with SBR 1712. 10 phr of RSS – 4 is replaced with 10 phr SBR 1712 and properties were studied. Master batches were prepared in a banburry mixer. The compound finalization is done in a lab Two – Roll mill. Various accelerator dosages were used and the properties were studied. Various formulations used are given below</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.15pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>INGREDIENT<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>R<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>A<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>B<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>C<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>D<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>E<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>F<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>G<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 19.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 19.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">RSS - 4 </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">100.0</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">SBR 1712</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">Crumb</div><div class="MsoNormal">(80 mesh)</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">Silica</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">HAF (N330)</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">Aromatic oil</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">Zinc Oxide</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">TQ</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">6PPD</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">Stearic acid</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">Peptiser</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 14.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">MBS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.50</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.55</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.67</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.84</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.65</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Sulphur</st1:city></st1:place></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.3pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal">Retarder</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.95pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The various properties studied are</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Process ability studies</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Tensile Properties (aged & unaged)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Tear Strength (aged & unaged)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Hardness (aged & unaged)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">Based on these studies we selected three compounds (E, F & G) that found matching with regular compound (R). These compounds along with Regular compound were then finalized in banburry mixer. The various properties were studied.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The various properties studied are</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Process ability studies</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Tensile Properties (aged & unaged)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Tear Strength (aged & unaged)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Hardness (aged & unaged)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Abrasion Resistance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Heat Build Up</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Resilience</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Flex – Crack Initiation & Growth</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Based on the final results we selected the proper compound (E) to replace the regular compound that is based on NR.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">COMPANY PROFILE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>Apollo Tyres Ltd</b> is the fastest growing top tier tyre manufacturer, with annual revenues of over US$ 1.2 billion (2007-08). It was founded in 1976. Its first plant was commissioned in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perambra_-Thrissur" title="Perambra -Thrissur">Perambra</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> state. In 2006 the company acquired Dunlop Tyres International of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The company now has four manufacturing units in <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region>, two in <st1:country-region st="on">South Africa</st1:country-region> and two in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. It has a network of over 4,000 dealerships in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>, of which over 2,500 are exclusive outlets. In <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">South Africa</st1:country-region></st1:place>, it has over 900 dealerships, of which 190 are Dunlop Accredited Dealers. "Apollo Tyres Ltd." has been pioneer in the implementation of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Sigma" title="Six Sigma">Six Sigma</a>" among all the tyre companies in India, and is in the list of top 15 tyre manufacturers of the world in terms of Revenues.The construction of fully automated plant at chennai with a initial capacity of 6000 TBR and 8000 PCR is under progress. Apollo Tyres has acquired the Netherlands-based Vredestein Banden BV (VBBV) for an undisclosed sum from <st1:country-region st="on">Russia</st1:country-region>'s bankrupt largest tyre manufacturer <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Amtel-Vredestein</st1:city> <st1:state st="on">NV</st1:state></st1:place>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The company currently produces the entire range of automotive tyres for ultra and high speed passenger cars, truck and bus, farm, Off-The-Road, industrial and specialty applications like mining, retreaded tyres and retreading material. These are produced across Apollo’s eight manufacturing locations in <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region st="on">Netherlands</st1:country-region> and <st1:place st="on">Southern Africa</st1:place>. A ninth facility is currently under construction in southern <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>, and is expected to commence production towards the end of 2009. The major brands produced across these locations are: Apollo, Dunlop, Kaizen, Maloya, Regal and Vredestein.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Apollo is one of the largest corporate investors in developing sporting talent through its Mission 2018, which is focused on nurturing and training youngsters in the sport of tennis to enable an Indian to win a Singles Grand Slam Championship by the year 2018.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">IV</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">. </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"> <u>INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>GENERAL RUBBER COMPOUNDING <o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Compounding, a term that has evolved within the tire and rubber industry, is the materials science of modifying a rubber or elastomer or a blend of polymers and other materials to optimize properties to meet a given service application or set of performance parameters.<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>The ingredients available to the materials scientist for formulating a rubber compound can be divided into five categories:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Polymers Natural rubber, synthetic polymers</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Filler systems Carbon blacks, clays, silicas, calcium carbonate</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3. Stabilizer systems Antioxidants, antiozonants, waxes</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">4. Vulcanization system Sulfur, accelerators, activators</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">components</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">5. Special materials Secondary components such as pigments, oils,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">resins, processing aids, and short fibers</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>II. Polymers<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>A. Natural Rubber<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><img border="0" height="114" shapes="_x0000_i1025" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="157" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>General<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">NR can be isolated from more than 200 different species of plant; including surprising examples such as dandelions. Only one tree source, Hevea Brasiliensis, is commercially significant. Latex is an aqueous colloid of NR, and is obtained from the tree by ‘tapping’ into the inner bark and collecting the latex in cups. The latex typically contains 30-40% dry rubber by weight, and 10-20% of the collected latex is concentrated by creaming, or centrifuging, and used in its latex form. Historically, such latex would be exported to consumer countries, but as it is expensive to ship a product with a high percentage of water, consumer companies are increasingly siting their latex processing plants in the producer countries, where the cheaper labour rates are an additional incentive. The remaining latex is processed into dry rubber as sheets, crepes and bales. There is an International Standard for the Quality and Packing for Natural Rubber grades, the so-called ‘Green Book’, published by the Rubber Manufacturers’ Association. The following grades of NR listed in the ‘Green Book’ are sold to visual inspection standards only:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ribbed smoke sheets</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">White and pale crepes</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Estate brown crepes</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Compo crepes</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Thin brown crepes</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Thick blanket crepes</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Flat bark crepes</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Pure smoked crepe</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Under each category there are generally up to 5 divisions, e.g., 1RSS, 2RSS, 3RSS, 4RSS, 5RSS for ribbed smoked sheets; the higher the number the more inferior the quality. The Malaysian rubber industry has, however, played a pioneering role in producing NR grades to technical specifications, and this system is being followed by other producer countries. Currently the following countries sell technically specified grades:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">SMR - Standard Malaysian Rubber</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">SIR - Standard Indonesian Rubber</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">SSR - Specified <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Singapore</st1:country-region></st1:place> Rubber</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">SLR - Standard Lanka Rubber</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">TTR - Thai Tested Rubber</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">NSR - Nigerian Standard Rubber</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Field coagulated grades break down quicker on mastication and offer inferior ageing resistance to latex coagulated grades. They also have a higher dirt content. Some of the field coagulated grades can contain a variable mixture of field and latex coagulated materials.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">NR is cis-1,4-polyisoprene, of molecular weight 200,000-500,000, but it also contains a small level of highly important non-rubber constituents. Of these, the most important are the proteins, sugars and fatty acids which are antioxidants and activators of cure. Trace elements present include potassium, manganese, phosphorus, copper and iron which can act as catalysts for oxidation.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">NR is available in a granular form (powdered rubber), and in oil extended grades.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Two chemically modified types of NR (graft copolymers of NR and polymethylmethacrylate, and epoxidised NR) exhibit useful properties. The former are used in adhesive systems, and for the production of hard compounds, whilst the latter has probably still to find its market niche. As the name suggests, epoxidised NR is prepared by chemically introducing epoxide groups randomly onto the NR molecule. This chemical modification leads to increased oil resistance, greater impermeability to gases, but an increase in the glass transition temperature, Tg, and damping characteristics; the excellent mechanical properties of NR are retained. A 50 mole % epoxidised NR exhibits oil resistance only marginally inferior to that of nitrile rubber. NR can strain crystallise which results in its compounds exhibiting high tensile strength and good tear strength. Although crystallisation can occur at low temperatures, compounding greatly reduces this tendency and it can be effectively prevented from crystallising by using sulphur levels greater than 2.5 phr to cure the compound.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Since the main chain of NR contains unsaturation (residual double bonds) it, along with other unsaturated rubbers, is susceptible to attack by oxygen, ozone and light, and compounds therefore require protection against these agencies. NR is not oil resistant and is swollen by aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. It is resistant to many inorganic chemicals, but not to oxidising acids and had limited resistance to mineral acids. It is unsuitable for use with organic liquids in general, the major exception being alcohols of low molecular weight. NR can be crosslinked by the use of sulphur, sulphur donor systems, peroxides, isocyanate cures and radiation, although the use of sulphur is the most common method. The sulphur vulcanisation of NR generally requires higher added amounts of sulphur, and lower levels of accelerators than the synthetic rubbers. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Sulphur</st1:city></st1:place> contents of 2-3 phr, and accelerator levels of 0.2-1.0 phr are considered to be conventional cure systems.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">NR can yield a hard rigid thermoplastic with excellent chemical resistance when cured with over 30 phr of sulphur. Such a product is termed ebonite. NR requires a certain degree of mastication (reduction in molecular weight) to facilitate processing,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">although the advent of constant viscosity grades, and oil extended grades has substantially reduced the need for mastication. Peptisers are often used to facilitate breakdown of the rubber during mixing, although quantities of greater than 0.6 phr can cause a reduction in the final level of physical properties.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>B. Polyisoprene (synthetic) (IR)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>General<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">This synthetic rubber has the same empirical formula as NR and hence closely approximates to the behaviour of its naturally occurring rival. It has the same cis structure as NR, good uncured tack, high gum tensile strength, high resilience and good hot tear strength. Although similar to NR it does exhibit some differences:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i. It is more uniform and lighter in colour than NR.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">ii. Due to a narrower molecular weight distribution it exhibits less of a tendency to strain</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">crystallise, hence green strength is inferior, as are both tensile and tear strength.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">In general synthetic IR behaves like NR during processing, and it also requires protection against oxygen, ozone and light due to unsaturation in the main chain. Oil resistance is poor and it is not resistant to aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. It is resistant to many inorganic chemicals, but not to oxidising acids and has limited resistance to mineral acids. It is unsuitable for use with organic liquids in general, the major exception being alcohols of low molecular weight. Due to the absence of the non-rubber constituents present in the NR some differences in compounding occur, although, in essence, the principles are the same. An increased level of stearic acid is generally required for cure activation and approximately 10% extra accelerator is necessary to achieve a similar cure rate to NR; similar sulphur levels are, however, used. IR can be cured by the same type of systems as NR</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>C. Polybutadiene (BR</b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>General<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="84" shapes="_x0000_i1026" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="324" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Polybutadiene is produced by solution polymerisation, and one important feature governing the performance of the resultant polymer is the cis 1,4, and 1, 2 vinyl contents. High cis 1,4 polymers (>90%) have a Tg around –90 °C, and hence exhibit excellent low temperature flexibility only exceeded by the phenyl silicones. They also exhibit excellent resilience and abrasion resistance; unfortunately the high resilience gives poor wet grip in tyre treads, and hence this rubber finds limited use as the sole base for such compounds.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">As the cis 1,4 content decreases, and 1,2 vinyl content increases, the low temperature properties, abrasion resistance and resilience become inferior.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The polymerisation of butadiene results in a polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution which can be difficult to process. Indeed, commercially available grades present a compromise between processibility and performance. Most polybutadiene rubbers are inherently difficult to break down during mixing and milling, have low inherent tack, and the inherent elasticity of the polymer gives poor extrudability. Peptisers can be used to facilitate breakdown and hence aid processing. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Due to the unsaturation present in the main chain, protection is required against oxygen, UV and ozone. Oil resistance is poor and the polymer is not resistant to aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. Polybutadiene based compounds can be cured by sulphur, sulphur donor systems and peroxides. Less sulphur and a higher level of accelerators are required when compared to NR. The cure of polybutadiene by peroxides is highly ‘efficient’ in that a large number of crosslinks are produced per free radical, the resultant highly crosslinked rubber exhibiting high resilience; this factor is utilised in the manufacture of ‘superballs’. Compounds based on this polymer only give optimum properties at high filler and oil loadings.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>D. Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>General<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" height="97" shapes="_x0000_i1027" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="420" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">When the <st1:country-region st="on">USA</st1:country-region> and <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Germany</st1:country-region></st1:place> were cut off from the supplies of natural rubber during the Second World War both countries sought to produce a synthetic alternative; SBR was the result, and at one stage it was the most commonly used synthetic rubber. It can be produced by both emulsion and solution polymerisation techniques, with the emulsion grades being the most widely used.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Emulsion polymerisation yields a random copolymer, but the temperature of the polymerization reaction also controls the resultant properties obtained. ‘Cold’ polymerisation yields polymers with superior properties to the ‘hot’ polymerised types.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Solution polymerisation can yield random, di-block, tri-block or multi-block copolymers. It is important to note that the tri-block, or multi-block copolymers, belong to that class of material termed thermoplastic elastomers and it is only the random copolymer types that are considered here. Both random emulsion and solution polymerised SBR contain about 23% styrene.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">SBR continues to be used in many of the applications where it earlier replaced natural rubber, even though it requires greater reinforcement to achieve acceptable tensile and tear strengths, and durability. SBR exhibits significantly lower resilience than NR, so that it has a higher heat build-up on flexing which restricts its use in lorry tyres with their thicker sections. This inferior resilience to natural rubber is an advantage in passenger car tyre treads because the higher hysteresis loss gives increased wet grip and this, combined with the good abrasion resistance that can be obtained from tyre tread compounds, ensures that SBR has a high volume use in tyre production. The oil resistance of SBR is poor, and the polymer is not resistant to aromatic, aliphatic or halogenated solvents. Due to the unsaturation in the main chain, protection is required against oxygen, ozone and UV light.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Oil extended SBR, and SBR carbon black masterbatches are supplied by the polymer producers and such grades give the advantage of reducing the necessity of further additions of filler and oil at the mixing stage. SBR can be cured by the use of sulphur, sulphur donor systems and peroxides. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Sulphur</st1:city></st1:place> cures generally require less sulphur (1.5-2.0 phr) and more accelerator than is normally required to cure natural rubber.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>E. Butyl Rubbers (IIR)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>General<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="188" shapes="_x0000_i1028" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="455" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Commercial grades of IIR (butyl rubber) are prepared by copolymerising small amounts of isoprene with polyisobutylene. The isoprene content of the copolymer is normally quoted as the ‘mole percent unsaturation’, and it influences the rate of cure with sulphur, and the resistance of the copolymer to attack by oxygen, ozone and UV light. The polyisobutylene, being saturated, however, naturally confers on the polymer an increased level of resistance to these agencies when compared to natural rubber. Commercial butyl rubbers typically contain 0.5-3.0% mole unsaturation. The close packing of the isobutylene chain confers on the polymer a high degree of impermeability</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">to gases, but also results in a very ‘lossy’ rubber. The high hysteresis loss can be utilised in some circumstances to provide good friction in wet conditions. Chlorobutyl (CIIR) and bromobutyl (BIIR) are modified types containing 1.2% wt of chlorine or bromine, the isoprene unit being the site of halogenation. Introduction of the halogen gives greater cure flexibility, and enhanced cure compatibility in blends with other diene rubbers. It also confers increased adhesion to other rubbers and metals. Butyl rubber is not oil resistant.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Butyl, and the halogenated butyls, can be cured by sulphur, dioxime and resin cure systems. In addition, the halogenated types can be crosslinked with zinc oxide, and diamines. Peroxides cannot be used because they tend to depolymerise the polyisobutylene. Due to the low level of unsaturation in the main chain, sulphur cures require the more active thiuram and dithiocarbamate accelerators to achieve an adequate state of cure. Dioxime cures yield vulcanisates with good ozone resistance and moisture impermeability and, as such, are frequently used for curing electrical insulating compounds. Resin cures utilise phenol-formaldehyde resins with reactive methylene groups and a small added amount of either a chlorinated rubber, e.g., polychloroprene, or stannous chloride. If halogenated phenolic resins are used the additional source of a halogen may not be required. Resin cures give butyl compounds excellent heat stability and are used to good effect where this is required, e.g., in tyre curing bags which have to resist service at 150 °C in a steam atmosphere. Calcium stearate has to be added to stabilise the chlorobutyl during processing.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>F. Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPM/EPDM)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>General<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="82" shapes="_x0000_i1029" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="395" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The copolymerisation of ethylene and propylene yields useful copolymers, the crystallisation of both polymers being prevented if the ethylene content is in the range 45-60%; grades with higher ethylene contents, 70-80%, can partially crystallise. The lower ethylene types are generally easier to process, whilst green strength and extrudability improve as the ethylene content increases. One disadvantage of the copolymer is that it cannot be crosslinked with sulphur due to the absence of unsaturation in the main chain. To overcome this difficulty a third monomer with unsaturation is introduced, but to maintain the excellent stability of the main chain the unsaturation is made pendant to it. The three types of third monomer used commercially are dicyclopentadiene, ethylidene norbornene, and 1,4-hexadiene. Generally 4-5% of the termonomer will give acceptable</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">cure characteristics, whilst 10% gives fast cures; dicyclopentadiene gives the slowest cure rate and ethylidene norbornene the highest.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Since the main chain of both EPM and EPDM rubbers is saturated, both co- and terpolymers exhibit excellent stability to oxygen, UV light, and are ozone resistant. EPM and EPDM are not oil resistant, and are swollen by aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogenated solvents. They have excellent electrical properties and stability to radiation. Their densities are the lowest of the synthetics, and they are capable of accepting large quantities of filler and oil. They exhibit poor tack, and even if tackifiers are added, it still is not ideal for building operations. Adhesion to metal, fabrics and other materials, can be difficult to accomplish.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The copolymers can only be cured by peroxides or radiation, whilst the terpolymers can be cured with peroxides, sulphur systems, resin cures and radiation. The dicyclopentadiene terpolymer can give higher states of cure with peroxides than the copolymer, although in peroxide curing of both the copolymer and terpolymer it is common practice to add a coagent, to increase the state of cure. Triaryl isocyanurate or sulphur are the most common coagents. Bloom can be a problem in sulphur cures, so selection of the accelerator system is important. Resin cures utilise the same resins that are used for butyl rubber, but more resin (ca. 10-12 phr) and a halogen donor (10 phr), typically bromobutyl, or polychloroprene, are required. Although heat stability is slightly improved by resin curing when compared to sulphur cures, the effect is not as marked as in the resin curing of butyl.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>FILLER SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Fillers, or reinforcement aids, such as carbon black, clays, and silicas are added to rubber formulations to meet material property targets such as tensile strength and brasion resistance.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Carbon Black<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Carbon blacks are principally made by the chemical decomposition of natural gas or oil. Two classes predominate: the furnace blacks (95% of black usage) which are active, and thermal blacks (5% of usage) which are inactive. There are a substantial number of blacks for special applications such as electrically conducting and printing ink blacks. The latter are of too fine a particle size for rubber use. The nomenclature used for carbon blacks includes the ASTM designation and the industry type as illustrated in the next table.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="238" shapes="_x0000_i1030" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image013.jpg" width="527" /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The size of the carbon black particle has a profound influence on its dispersion characteristics within a rubber matrix and determines the final vulcanisate properties of the rubber compound. Blacks of very fine particle size are difficult to disperse adequately and when dispersion is achieved give a high reinforcement. Large particle size blacks are easily completely dispersed, but do not give reinforcement. The structure of the black affects the processing properties of the rubber compound, but generally does not have great significance in the reinforcement.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The structure of a carbon black depends on the original nature of the oil/gas feedstock. Thermal blacks have little or no structure. The higher the structure of the carbon black, the more irregular is the shape of the aggregate. The aggregates cling together to form agglomerates. In this form, carbon black is a fluffy, difficult-tohandle product, unsuitable for automatic weighing. Pelletisation produces a roughly spheroidal, easily broken pellet which will contain a large number of aggregates.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Mixing of carbon black into rubber consists essentially of two phases:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Incorporation - the carbon black is distributed into the rubber matrix but not into the desired state for complete reinforcement. At this stage of mixing the rubber penetrates the voids in the large agglomerates of carbon black. It is also at this stage that strong interaction between the rubber and black surface occurs in the case of small particle sized blacks with low structure, which makes the next step of dispersion difficult to achieve.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Dispersion - the large carbon black agglomerates become broken down and ‘wetted out’ under the influence of the mixing shear forces into discretely dispersed small aggregates/particles. The rubber becomes occluded into the remaining small aggregates, penetrates the voids within and between the aggregates and enters any cavities, resulting in an increase in viscosity as the available free volume of rubber is diminished. The result of the rubber occlusion is an effective increase in black loading. High surface area, low structure blacks are difficult to disperse as their dense packing and low void volume gives them the ability to rapidly interact with the rubber. As a result of the strong adhesion between the black and rubber, good random spatial dispersion is difficult to achieve.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Silica<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Silica fillers offered to the rubber industry are of three specific types</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">• ground mineral silica,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">• precipitated silica, and</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">• fumed or pyrogenic silica.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ground Mineral Silica<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Ground silica, generally available below 300 mesh in size (5 m 2 /g), is used as a cheap heat resistant filler for a variety of compounds. There is no effect on the rate or state of cure.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Hydrated Precipitated Silica<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Silica used as a filler for rubbers is silicon dioxide, with particle sizes in the range of 10-40 nm. The silica has a chemically bound water content of 25% with an additional level of 4-6% of adsorbed water. The surface of silica is strongly polar in nature, centring around the hydroxyl groups bound to the surface of the silica particles. In a similar fashion, other chemical groups can be adsorbed onto the filler surface. This adsorption strongly influences silica’s behaviour within rubber compounds. The groups found on the surface of silicas are principally siloxanes, silanol and reaction products of the latter with various hydrous oxides. It is possible to modify the surface of the silica to improve its compatibility with a variety of rubbers.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The retention of water on the silica filler surface has significant effects on the processing of the compound and vulcanisation reactions. Despite rigorous drying procedures there is always a monomolecular layer of water retained on the surface of the filler. Silica fillers are sold with a known level of water content, generally 3-6%, but this can change markedly with changes in ambient humidity. Silicas with less than 3% water content do not achieve adequate dispersion in the rubber. Conversely, dispersion of the silica during mixing becomes progressively worse with rising moisture content. Similarly, vulcanisation rates are affected by increased moisture. Failure to control the humidity of the storage area for the silica will obviously result in variable compound behaviour. This phenomenon is not observed with thiuram disulphide and peroxide cures.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Silica fillers also react with the rubber causing an increase in viscosity and ‘dry’ and unmanageable processing behaviour. Filler activators need to be added to silica-reinforced compounds to overcome these problems. The usual filler activators used are diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and amines such as triethanolamine. Some of these activators not only overcome the problems of processing and accelerator absorption, but depending on the cure system used, will also act as vulcanisation activators Other additives such as silanes, titanates and zirconates are also used to overcome the processing characteristics of silica fillers. Silanes not only give improved processability of silica-filled compounds, but also provide improved ‘crosslinks’ between the silica particle surface and the rubber molecular chains giving increased physical properties. The use of silane coupling agents at a2-5% level will improve the reinforcing performance of the silica to that of a similar size carbon black.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Fumed Silica<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Fumed silica is prepared by burning volatile silicon compounds such as silicon tetrachloride. This type of silica contains less than 2% combined water and generally no free water. It reacts readily with hydroxyl groups. The particle size is in the region 5-10 nm. Fumed silicas are not generally used in conventional rubber compounding but find application with silicone rubber. The recognized surface area values for best reinforcement of silicone rubber by an amorphous silica lies between 150-400 m 2 /g.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Particle size of the silica and tight control of its size distribution decides the ability of the</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">compounded silicone rubber to be optically clear, even at quite high levels of addition. This feature can be used to advantage in a number of medical applications such as intraocular and contact lenses, medical tubing, flexible lights and a number of other industrial applications where sustained clarity of transparency is important.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Isolated hydroxyl groups on the silica surface lead to hydrogen bonding between the silicone rubber and the filler surface. This bonding produces strong elastic rubbers. During storage, the rubber/filler bonds continue to form and the compound stiffens giving the effect known as ‘crepe hardening’. This is a similar effect to that seen with other rubbers containing carbon black fillers, in which a ‘structure’ forms during storage. Before further processing, the structure will need to be broken down by milling to ensure good flow in down-line processes. The degree of moisture present affects the properties of the silicone rubber vulcanisate. Moisture levels also determine the ease with which the filler is incorporated into the silicone rubber. Low moisture levels improve the final physical properties but definitely detract from the incorporation speed of the silica filler.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">A silicone oil plasticiser is desirable to facilitate dispersion and to prevent undesirable polymerfiller interaction prior to vulcanisation.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>STABILIZER SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The unsaturated nature of an elastomer accounts for its unique viscoelastic properties. However, the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds renders elastomers susceptible to attack by oxygen, ozone, and also thermal degradation. Retardation of oxidative degeneration and the effects of ozone attack can be mitigated but not totally overcome by the use of chemicals which, unfortunately, in the case of the most effective types, carry the penalty of causing staining of the rubber compound or surfaces with which it comes into contact.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Antioxidants<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Oxidative ageing of rubbers is limited by the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the rubber product and is usually confined to the outer 3 mm. Antioxidants are used to protect rubbers from the effects of thermal oxidation and the vast majority of compounds will contain one or more. Peroxide vulcanisates are usually protected with dihydroquinolines. Other antioxidants react adversely with the peroxide inhibiting the crosslinking reaction. The durability of the antioxidant can be affected by a number of factors, the most important being the amount present in the compound. The process of vulcanisation can result in the loss of migratory or volatile antioxidants. Over long periods of service, the antioxidant will decrease in concentration at ambient temperatures due to reaction with oxygen. Loss by volatility is usually only a problem with antioxidants such as the mono-phenolics. The most effective antioxidants for light coloured rubber compounds are the hindered bisphenols, but these offer little ozone and flex cracking resistance.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Strongly Staining Antioxidants<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Aryl naphthylamine derivatives are good general antioxidants with moderate volatility and negligible effect on cure. These give a small degree of fatigue protection in natural and polyisoprene rubbers, but little in styrene-butadiene and butadiene vulcanisates. Diphenylamine derivatives are very good antioxidants and provide fatigue activity and good metal poison protection.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Moderately Staining Antioxidants</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Dihydroquinoline derivatives offer moderate antioxidant and flex cracking activity with excellent metal poison protection.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><img border="0" height="150" shapes="_x0000_i1031" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image015.jpg" width="204" /> <img border="0" height="124" shapes="_x0000_i1032" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image017.jpg" width="240" /><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Non-Staining Antioxidants<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Benzimidazole derivatives are excellent antioxidants, with limited fatigue activity. They offer excellent metal poison protection. Bisphenol derivatives show very good antioxidant activity and are the best materials for light coloured articles. Selected materials are FDA approved. These derivatives have low volatility and no effect on cure rate and do not give a bloom. A slight pink discoloration can occur after prolonged exposure to light in white or light coloured products. Hydroquinones show very good antioxidant activity, but offer limited fatigue and metal poison protection. Alkylphenol derivatives show medium antioxidant activity, but provide limited fatigue and metal poison activity.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Antiozonants<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><img border="0" height="72" shapes="_x0000_i1033" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.jpg" width="168" />para-Phenylenediamine (PPD)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ozone attack on rubbers takes the form of cracking which takes place perpendicular to the direction of the strain. Ozone attack occurs mainly at the olefinic double bond of a diene rubber and, if not protected against, will result in loss of physical integrity for thin sectioned articles and surface cracking on larger mass products. Too high a dosage of antiozonant can result in the formation of unsightly blooms on the rubber surface. Too little antiozonant can lead to worse attack than when none is present.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>VULCANIZATION SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Vulcanization, named after Vulcan, the Roman God of Fire, describes the process by which physically soft, compounded rubber materials are converted into high-quality engineering products. The vulcanization system constitutes the fourth component in an elastomeric formulation and functions by inserting crosslinks between adjacent polymer chains in the compound. A typical vulcanization system in a compound consists of three components: (1) activators; (2) vulcanizing agents, typically sulfur; and (3) accelerators.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Activators<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The vulcanization activator system consisting of zinc oxide and stearic acid has received much less research effort than other components in the rubber compound. Stearic acid and zinc oxide levels of 2.0 and 5.0 phr, respectively, are accepted throughout the rubber industry as being adequate for achievement of optimum compound physical properties when in combination with a wide range of accelerator classes and types and also accelerator-to-sulfur ratios.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Vulcanizing Agents<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Three vulcanizing agents find extensive use in the rubber industry: sulfur, insoluble sulfur, and peroxides. Rhombic sulfur is the most common form of sulfur used in the rubber industry and, other than normal factory hygiene and operational procedures, does not require any special handling or storage. Sulfur is soluble in natural rubber at levels up to 2.0 phr. Above this concentration, insoluble sulfur must be used to prevent migration of sulfur to the compound surface, i.e., sulfur bloom.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Sulphur</st1:city></st1:place> in its amorphous form is known in the rubber industry as ‘insoluble sulphur’. Insoluble sulphur is used by the rubber industry as, if not converted to the rhombic form by excessive processing heat, it will remain undissolved in the rubber and thus cannot bloom to the surface of the unvulcanised rubber compound. This is a factor which is very important for products which require a number of processing assembly steps in their manufacture. Normal rhombic sulphur has differing degrees of solubility in the different rubber types. In NR and SBR the required proportion for crosslinking dissolves relatively rapidly at room temperature. In stereospecific rubbers such as polybutadiene and nitrile it does not solubilise so readily. As one would expect, the solubility of the sulphur within the rubber increases with temperature increase.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Accelerators<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Accelerators are products which increase both the rate of sulfur crosslinking in a rubber compound and crosslink density. Secondary accelerators, when added to primary accelerators, increase the rate of vulcanization and degree of crosslinking, with the terms primary and secondary being essentially arbitrary. A feature of such binary acceleration systems is the phenomenon of synergism. Where a combination of accelerators is synergistic, its effect is always more powerful than the added effects of the individual components.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Accelerators can be readily classified by one of two techniques:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Rate of vulcanization: Ultra-accelerators include dithiocarbamates and xanthates. Semiultra-accelerators include thiurams and amines. Fast accelerators are thiazoles and sulfenamides. A medium-rate system is diphenylguanidine. A slow accelerator is thiocarbanilide.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Chemical classifications: Most accelerators fall into one of eight groups.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Aldehydeamines Sulfenamides</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Thioureas Dithiocarbamates</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Guanidines Thiurams</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Thiazoles Xanthates</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Sulfenamide accelerators represent the largest class of accelerators consumed on a global basis: </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="229" shapes="_x0000_i1034" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image021.jpg" width="540" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="149" shapes="_x0000_i1035" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image023.jpg" width="516" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>PROCESS OILS<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mineral oils<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Mineral oils are the most frequently used plasticisers for both natural and synthetic rubbers. They are high boiling fractions obtained in refining crude oil. The oils are comprised mainly of ring structures: unsaturated (aromatics), saturated (naphthenes) and ring structures possessing saturated side chains (paraffins). They are classified accordingly as aromatic, naphthenic and paraffinic depending on the predominant structure of the oil. The choice of oil depends largely on the compatibility with the elastomer. As a general rule paraffinic oils are best used with low polarity polymers whilst aromatics are more suited to the more polar polymers.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="182" shapes="_x0000_i1036" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image025.jpg" width="527" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Petroleum waxes<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">About 90% of all waxes used for commercial purposes are recovered from petroleum. Petroleum waxes are generally classified into three principle types: paraffinic, microcrystalline and petrolatum. Paraffin wax is a solid, colourless substance composed of alkanes up to 30 carbon atoms in length with a low level of branching. As a consequence of the regular structure, paraffin wax crystallises relatively easily into large plates or needles. Microcrystalline paraffin wax differs from paraffin wax in having a higher MW and, therefore, a higher softening temperature. The molecular structure is more branched resulting in a microcrystalline material. Petrolactum is a semi-solid substance, substantially a mixture of a high MW hydrocarbon, ceresine and oils.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Peptising agents<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Peptising agents are substances that act as chain terminating agents during the mastication of rubber. They may also act as pro-oxidants during the mastication process. This significantly reduces the time necessary to lower the viscosity of the rubber to a workable level, which in turn brings savings in mixing time and energy.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="121" shapes="_x0000_i1037" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image027.jpg" width="156" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Prevulcanisation Inhibitors<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Sulphur</st1:city></st1:place> vulcanisation of rubber is catalysed by the presence of alkali materials. This activation of the vulcanisation system can result in unwanted short scorch times. The addition of weak acids to the rubber compound results in retardation of the crosslinking mechanism. The common materials used for retardation are</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">• salicylic acid,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">• benzoic acid, and</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">• phthalic anhydride.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">These materials are crystalline solids with high melting points which result in their poor dispersing qualities. Their addition also results in reduction of the cure state and lowering of compound modulus.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">N-Cyclohexylthiophthalimide (CTP) functions as an effective retarder of vulcanisation for accelerators in the sulphenamide classes. It produces scorch retardation without effect on compound modulus. It is not effective, however, in other classes of vulcanisation systems, notably those based on thiazoles, thiurams and dithiocarbamates.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Resins<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Resins fall into one of three functional categories: (1) extending or processing resins, (2) tackifying resins, and (3) curing resins. Resins have been classified in an almost arbitrary manner into hydrocarbons, petroleum resins, and phenolic resins. Hydrocarbon resins tend to have high glass transition temperatures so that at processing temperatures they melt, thereby allowing improvement in compound viscosity mold flow. They will, however, harden at room temperature, thus maintaining compound hardness and modulus. Within the range of hydrocarbon resins, aromatic resins serve as reinforcing agents, aliphatic resins improve tack, and intermediate resins provide both characteristics. Coumarone-indene resin systems are examples of such systems. These resins provide:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Improved tensile strength as a result of stiffening at room temperature</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Increased fatigue resistance as a result of improved dispersion of the</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">fillers and wetting of the filler surface</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3. Retardation of cut growth by dissipation of stress at the crack tip (as a</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">result of a decrease in compound viscosity)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Petroleum resins are a by-product of oil refining. Like hydrocarbon resins, a range of grades are produced. Aliphatic resins which contain oligomers of isoprene tend to be used as tackifiers, whereas aromatic resins, which also contain high levels of dicyclopentadiene, tend to be classed more as reinforcing systems.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Phenolic resins are of two types, reactive and nonreactive. Nonreactive resins tend to be oligomers of alkyl-phenyl formaldehyde, where the paraal-kyl group ranges from to C4 to C9. Such resins tend to be used as tackifying resins. Reactive resins contain free methylol groups. In the presence of methylene donors such as hexamethylenetetramine, crosslink networks will be created, enabling the reactive resin to serve as a reinforcing resin and adhesion promoter.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>COMPOUND PREPARATION<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>MIXING<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The basic design of all commonly-used batch mixers consists of two rotors contra rotating in a close fitting chamber, with an arrangement to feed the raw materials into a machine, pressurizing them into the mixing chamber using a ram, and with a door in the bottom of the machine to discharge the mixed batch.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><u>Fill factor</u> - The amount of the total free volume available in an internal mixer occupied by the mixed compound at the end of the mixing cycle.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u>Friction ratio </u> - The ratio between the differences in rotational speed of two rotors in a tangential internal mixer, or between the rolls of a two-roll mill.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">In a modern tire or general products production facility, rubber compounds are prepared in internal mixers. Internal mixers consist of a chamber to which the compounding ingredients are added. In the chamber are two rotors that generate high shear forces, dispersing the fillers and other rawmaterials in the polymer. The generation of these shear forces results in the production of a uniform, quality compound.After a defined mixing period, thecompound is dropped onto a mill or extruder where mixing is completed and the stock sheeted out for ease of handling. Alternatively, the compound can be passed into a pelletizer. Depending on the complexity of the formulation, size of the internal mixer, and application for which the compound is intended, the mix cycle can</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">be divided into a sequence of stages. For an all-natural-rubber compound containing 50 phr carbon black, 3 phr of aromatic oil, an antioxidant system, and a semi-EV vulcanization system, a typical Banbury mix cycle will be as follows: </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Stage 1 Add all natural rubber; add peptizer if required. Drop into a mill at 165°C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;">Stage 2 Drop in carbon black, oils, antioxidants, zinc oxide, stearic acid, and miscellaneous pigments such as flame retardants at 160°C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;">Stage 3 If required to reduce compound viscosity, pass the compound once again through the internal mixer for up to 90 seconds or 130°C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;">Stage 4 Add the cure system to the compound and mix it up to a temperature not exceeding 115°C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Computer monitoring of the internal mixer variables such as power consumption, temperature gradients through the mixing chamber, and mix times enables modern mixers to produce consistent high-quality compounds in large volumes. The mixed compound is then transported to either extruders for production of extruded profiles, calenders for sheeting, or injection molding.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="589" shapes="_x0000_i1038" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image029.jpg" width="540" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Cross-section of a tangential rotor internal mixer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>SPECFICATION OF BANBURRY USED(11D)<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>TYPE OF ROTOR</b> - <b>Tangential rotor</b>, Mixers which are arranged such that the predominant mixing action is to shear the mixing compound against the sides of the mixer.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>ROTOR SPEED – </b>40 RPM for final batch & 60 RPM for Master batch</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>CAPACITY – </b>235 Ltrs.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>DISCHARGE – </b>Drop Door</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><img border="0" height="348" shapes="_x0000_i1039" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image031.jpg" width="527" /><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>An idealised internal mixer power profile for a conventional, single-stage<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>mixing cycle<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="279" shapes="_x0000_i1040" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image033.jpg" width="527" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>An idealised internal mixer ram position profile for a conventional, singlestage mixing cycle<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>AN INTRODUCTION TO SBR 1712<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">SBR 1712 is a cold polymerized, 23.5% styrene staining type SBR, extended with 37.5 parts of highly aromatic oil. Raw materials for this elastomer are carefully chosen to produce the best physical properties and processing characteristics at economical cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">The aromatic oil used is an efficient plasticizer for high molecular weight SBR and results in superior physical and processing properties compared to other oil-extended rubbers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">End Use<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Application possibilities for SBR 1712 include tire and mechnical goods compounds where color and staining are not decisive factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Features<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">· </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Dark brown colour<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">· </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">High abrasion resistance<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">· </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Easy vulcanization and stable scorch properties<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">· </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Excellent processability compared to natural rubber)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 135%;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Raw Polymer: Chemical Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% black; line-height: 85%;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Property Unit Typical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> Specification<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.2pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.55pt;" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bound Styrene<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 56.1pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 65.35pt;" width="87"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">23.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 117pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">23.5 target<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.15pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.55pt;" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Volatile Matter<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.15pt; padding: 0in; width: 56.1pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.15pt; padding: 0in; width: 65.35pt;" width="87"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.15pt; padding: 0in; width: 117pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">0.5 max<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.2pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.55pt;" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ash<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 56.1pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 65.35pt;" width="87"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 117pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">1.0 max<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.4pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.55pt;" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Organic Acid<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 56.1pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 65.35pt;" width="87"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.2pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.55pt;" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Specific Gravity<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 56.1pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 65.35pt;" width="87"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">0.95<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.4pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.55pt;" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mooney Viscosity*<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 56.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ML</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 6pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 65.35pt;" width="87"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">49<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 133%; margin-top: 1.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 133%;">* ML 1+4 (100°C)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 132%; margin-top: 0.15in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Test Compound Properties<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% black; line-height: 82%;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Property Unit Typical<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> Test Method<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.45pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tensile<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 56pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">kg/cm<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 74.75pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">245<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D412*<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.45pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.25pt;" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Elongation<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 56pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 74.75pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">600<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D412*<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.4pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">300% Modulus<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 56pt;" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">kg/cm<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 74.75pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">105<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D412*<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.45pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ts1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 56pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">min<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 74.75pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D5289**<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.45pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">t’50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 56pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">min<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 74.75pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">9.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D5289**<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.45pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">t’90<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 56pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">min<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 74.75pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">15.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.45pt; padding: 0in; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">ASTM D5289**<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">* Cure: 35 minutes at 145°C<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> ** 160°C, 1°Arc <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">COURTESY FROM </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Astlett Rubber Inc.</span><u><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">V</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">. <u>EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">MATERIALS USED<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>NATURAL RUBBER<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">RSS-4 grade was used throughout. It is visually inspected for its quality.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>SBR 1712<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">SBR 1712 is a cold polymerized, 23.5% styrene staining type SBR, extended with 37.5 parts of highly aromatic oil.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Specification of SBR 1712 is</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Oil content (%) - 25.8 – 28.8</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Bound styrene (%) - 22.5 – 24.5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>CRUMB RUBBER<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Sieve – 60 mesh - 95 % min.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">80 mesh - 80 % min.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Acetone extract - 8 – 18 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Ash content - 12.5 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>CARBON BLACK (N330)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">High Abrasion Furnace black was used. Its average particle size range is 26nm – 30 nm.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Iodine adsorption number - 77 – 87</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">DBP Absorption number - 97 – 107</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Heat loss @ 125<sup>0</sup>c - 2 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>PRECIPITATED SILICA<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Heat loss @ 105<sup>0</sup>c, 2hr. - 4 – 7 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">pH value - 5.8 – 6.8</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Heat loss @ 950<sup>0</sup>c (coarse sample) - 3 – 6 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>AROMATIC OIL<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Sp.Gravity @ 15.5<sup>0</sup>c - 0.982 – 1.012</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Aniline point - 30 – 54.4<sup>0</sup>c</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Say bolt viscosity @ 98.89<sup>0</sup>c - 97 – 132 sec.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>ZINC OXIDE<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Zinc oxide content - 99 % min.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Ash content @ 950<sup>0</sup>c - 99 % min.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Heat loss @ 105<sup>0</sup>c - 0.4 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>TQ<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Heat loss @ 70<sup>0</sup>c, 2hr - 0.5 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Sofening point - 85 – 95<sup>0</sup>c</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Ash content @ 750<sup>0</sup>c - 0.3 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>6 PPD<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Melting point - 46 – 52<sup>0</sup>c</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Heat loss @ 70<sup>0</sup>c, 2hr - 0.5 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>STEARIC ACID<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Acid no. - 195 – 213</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Iodine no. - 8 max</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Solidification point - 50 – 63<sup>0</sup>c</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Ash content @ 750<sup>0</sup>c - 0.1 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>PCTP (peptizer)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Heat loss @ 105<sup>0</sup>c, 2hr - 1 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Ash content - 0.48 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>MBS<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Melting point - 75 – 90<sup>0</sup>c</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Moisture content - 0.5 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Ash content - 0.5 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>SOLUBLE <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">SULPHUR</st1:city></st1:place><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Solubility in CS<sub>2</sub> - 99 % min.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Acidity - 0.01 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Sieve – 100 mesh - 0.5 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">325 mesh - 3 – 9 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>CTP (retarder)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Specification</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Melting point - 89 – 94<sup> 0</sup>c</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Heat loss @ 70<sup> 0</sup>c, 2hr - 0.4 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Ash content @ 750<sup> 0</sup>c - 0.2 % max.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Toluene insoluble - 1 % max. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">COMPOUNDING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">8 compounds were master batch mixed and finalized for various dosages of accelerator levels in lab two-roll mill. Formulations are given below</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.6pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>INGREDIENT<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>R<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>A<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>B<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>C<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>D<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>E<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>F<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>G<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">RSS - 4 </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">100.0</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">SBR 1712</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">Crumb</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">Silica</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">HAF (N330)</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">Aromatic oil</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">Zinc Oxide</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">TQ</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">6PPD</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">Stearic acid</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">Peptiser</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">MBS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.50</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.55</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.67</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.84</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">1.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.65</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Sulphur</st1:city></st1:place></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal">Retarder</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.55pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.6pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Based on physical & rheo studies, we selected three of the above compounds matched with regular compound & finalized in banburry.<b>Selected compounds were</b> <b>E, F </b>& <b>G.<o:p></o:p></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.7pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 25.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>INGREDIENT<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>R1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>R2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>E1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>E2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>F1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>F2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>G1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>G2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">RSS - 4 </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">100.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">100.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">90.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">SBR 1712</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">-</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.75</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">Crumb</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">Silica</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">10.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">HAF (N330)</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">55.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">Aromatic oil</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">13.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">Zinc Oxide</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">5.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">TQ</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">6PPD</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">Stearic acid</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">3.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">Peptiser</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.18</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">MBS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">0.50</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">0.50</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.65</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.65</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.70</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Sulphur</st1:city></st1:place></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 12.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">2.25</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.1pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">Retarder</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.35pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">0.15</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.6in;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal">0.15</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.15</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.15</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.15</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.85pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.15</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">0.15</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">0.15</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Compounding has been carried out in two stages.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Stage 1<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">At master batch mixing, rubber & chemicals except sulphur & accelerator were intimately mixed. 60 rpm rotor speed was used & dump temperature of 168<sup>0</sup>c was maintained.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Load Rubber, Chemicals & black under ram, 6 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> - 0 – 22 sec.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Add oil @ 1300c, 4.5 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> - 60 – 62 sec.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ram Float, 4.5 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> - 90 – 92 sec.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Discharge @ 168<sup>0</sup>c - 120 sec.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Stage 2<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">In this stage, master batches are converted into final compounds. This is usually mixed around 105<sup>0</sup>c - 107<sup>0</sup>c. In final stage mixing, curatives like sulphur, accelerator, retarder etc. are added to the master batch.Discharge time are 95 – 98 sec.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">PROCESSABILITY STUDIES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>RHEOMETER STUDIES (AS PER ASTM D 2084)<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The rheometer study was done in oscillating disc rheometer (ODR) with following specification.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 173.05pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.1pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 21.1pt; padding: 0in; width: 95.05pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Temperature °C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.1pt; padding: 0in; width: 60.45pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">141<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.4pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 95.05pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Range<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.4pt; padding: 0in; width: 60.45pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">100<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 19.95pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 19.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 95.05pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Arc<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 19.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 60.45pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">1<sup>0</sup></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 6pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">The sample is subjected to an oscillating shearing action of constant amplitude. The torque required to oscillate the rotor, which is confined in the die cavity under pressure and controlled at a desired vulcanization temperature, is noted. As the vulcanization proceeds the torque required to shear the rubber increases and a curve of Torque versus curing time can be generated. From the data, Tc90, ML, MH, TS2 of compounds were found out.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">From the plot of Torque Vs time, scorch time (TS2), time for 90% cure (Tc90) and cure rate can be calculated.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b>1. Cure rate<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;">MH − ML / Tc90 − TS2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Cure rate is the rate at which stiffness (modulus) develops after the scorch point. During this period, compound changes from a soft plastic to a tough elastic material, owing to the introduction of cross-links.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b>2. Minimum torque (ML)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">It is a measure of the viscosity of the stock at the test temperature. The rheometer minimum Torque is proportional to the Mooney viscosity when both the tests are conducted at same temperature.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b>3. Maximum torque (MH)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">It is the measure of the stiffness or shear modulus of the test specimen at the test temperature. It is also an effective measure of the changes in tensile modulus and cross-link density.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b>4. Induction time (TS2)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">It is the time corresponding to two units rise in torque about ML. It is a measure of the time available for mould flow. At lower temperatures Ts2 is a processability measure similar to Mooney scorch.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><b>5. Optimum cure (Tc 90)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">It is the time to achieve 90% of the maximum Torque. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Tc90 = [(MH-ML) X 90/100] + ML</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">MOULDING OF TEST SPECIMENS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The moulding of test specimens were done on a steam heated single day light press (INDEX PELL).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The moulding specifications for the various test samples were as follows.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 21.85pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.95pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 30.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 116pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div align="right" class="Style1" style="margin-right: 23.9pt; text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Type of test<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 30.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 110%;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 110%;">Temperature<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><sup><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; line-height: 150%;">0</span></sup></b><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; line-height: 150%;">c<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 30.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 60.95pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="Style1"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Time (min)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 30.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 62.75pt;" width="84"><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 9.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 11.8pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt;">(Kg/CM<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 30.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 53.65pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant: small-caps;">press size<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.55pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 29.55pt; padding: 0in; width: 116pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Physical<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.55pt; padding: 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">141<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.55pt; padding: 0in; width: 60.95pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.55pt; padding: 0in; width: 62.75pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.55pt; padding: 0in; width: 53.65pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="right" class="Style1" style="margin-right: 5.1pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">24"X24"<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.65pt; padding: 0in; width: 116pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Abrasion Resistance<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.65pt; padding: 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">141<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.65pt; padding: 0in; width: 60.95pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">55<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.65pt; padding: 0in; width: 62.75pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">35<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.65pt; padding: 0in; width: 53.65pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="right" class="Style1" style="margin-right: 5.1pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">18"X18"<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.95pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 116pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Heat build up<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">141<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 60.95pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 62.75pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">35<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 53.65pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="right" class="Style1" style="margin-right: 5.1pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">18"X18"<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.95pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 116pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Resilience<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">141<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 60.95pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 62.75pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="Style1"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.95pt; padding: 0in; width: 53.65pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="right" class="Style1" style="margin-right: 5.1pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">24"X24"<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">PHYSICAL TESTING OF CURED SAMPLES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">MEASURING OF TENSILE PROPERTIES (ASTM D 412-83)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Modulus</b> of rubber compounds is very important because it is a measure of the shear stresses that will exist at the interface of two different compounds. It is also an indication of the deflection of the materials under load. Here the modulus is the stress required to stretch the test specimen from 0% strain to a specified strain (100% and 300% elongation).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Tensile strength</b> is the tensile stress per unit cross sectional area required to stretch the piece to breaking point. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Elongation at break</b> is the tensile strength in the test piece at the breaking point. In the tyre industry, these tests are carried out in the area of identification and quality control.<span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.95pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">TEST PIECE SPECIFICATIONS</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in; width: 232.2pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="Style5" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Total length<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in; width: 98.35pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="Style1" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> 115.00 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.9pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 31.9pt; padding: 0in; width: 232.2pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="Style5" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Width of ends<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.9pt; padding: 0in; width: 98.35pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="Style5" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">25 + 1.0 mm<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in; width: 232.2pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="Style5" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Width of the narrow </span></span><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">parallel portion<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.25pt; padding: 0in; width: 98.35pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="Style5" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">06 + 0.4 mm<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.2pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 32.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 232.2pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="Style5" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Length of the narrow </span></span><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">parallel portion<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.2pt; padding: 0in; width: 98.35pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="Style5" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">33 + 2.0 </span></span><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">mm<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The tensile properties of the samples were tested using dumb-bell test piece of above specification. All these tests were carried out at 23 ± 2°c. Dumb—bell specimens were punched from vulcanized sheets parallel to the grain direction using dumb-bell die [Die C]. Thickness of the narrow portion was measured by a bench thickness gauge. The samples were conditioned before testing for 24 hours. The samples were placed in the grips often Instron Universal Testing Machine [4301] with care, so that the specimen can distribute tension uniformly over the cross—section. The rate of separation of the grip was 500 mm/mm. The machine is modern sophisticated equipment. There were two grips 1" apart. They were fixed to the sample in the narrow region to locate the elongation. The areas corresponding to the thickness were fed into the microprocessor. This is connected to a printer. After testing the tensile strength, 300% modulus, Elongation at Break etc was printed out. The samples were aged for 48 hours at 100°c in an oven. Later they were conditioned and then tested for the tensile proper ties. The values were compared. Tensile strength and 300% modulus were expressed in pounds per square inch (lb/in2) and Elongation at break is given as percentage.</div><div class="Style6" style="margin: 0.3in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">TEAR STRENGTH (ASTM D 624)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The tear resistance is defined as the force required per unit thickness to initiate tearing in a direction normal to the direction of stress. Tear resistance of tyre compounds reflect not only their ability to resist cutting from foreign objects, but also reflects the compounds ability to resist the propagation of a cut once it is formed. Tear strength was tested using Instron 4301 at a crosshead speed of 500mm/min.</div><div class="Style12" style="margin: 0.35in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">HARDNESS </span></u></b></span><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">(ASTM D 2240)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Hardness, as applied to rubber, may be defined as the resistance to indentation under conditions that do not puncture the rubber The hardness was tested standard using a durometer of Type-A. Shore -A hardness is a measure of the resistance to the penetration of an indenter of specified size and shape forced in to the test specimen. The hardness is measured in Shore A hardness units ranging from 0 to 100. This test method permits hardness measurements based on either initial indentation or indentation after a specified period of time, or both.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Equipment:</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> - Shore A hardness tester with calibrated test spring or approved equipment</span><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 135%; margin-top: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 135%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Test Specimens<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1. The minimum dimension of the specimen is 30mm (1.2inch) diameter and 6mm (0.25) thick. Tensile pads may be tested for hardness by stacking 3 pads of similar hardness.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Surface of specimens must be flat and as free of surface irregularities as possible.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Condition the specimen at 23°C ± 2°C (73.4 + 3.6°F) for a minimum of 16 hours before testing.</li>
</ol><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 27pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Test two test specimens for each sample</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Test the specimens at room temperature, 23°C + 2°C (73.4 ± 3.6°F) </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Place the specimen on a hard, flat surface.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Position the durometer such that the indenter is 12mm (0.5inch) from the edge of the specimen and at least 6mm (0.25") between measuring points.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Apply the pressure foot to the specimen rapidly without shock, with sufficient pressure to obtain firm contact between pressure foot and the specimen</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Read the indicator on the durometer three seconds after firm contact has been made.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Take three measurements at different positions on each of the two specimens.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Record the two median values and report the average of the two median values.</li>
</ol><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 120%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 120%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 120%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 120%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 120%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 120%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal;">ABRASION RESISTANCE (ASTM D 1630)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 120%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">This method is used to determine the abrasion resistance of cured rubber compound. Test should be carried out only 16 hrs after vulcanization<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Equipment: - DIN Abrader.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Style12" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Sample preparation:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Prepare rubber compounds in accordance with ASTM D</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Sheet out stock to obtain a thickness of 0.27"</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Make out 16mmx 6mm cylindrical type samples.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Clearly identify each samples with silver lead or silver ink</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Carefully place samples in the pre-heated mold with identification up.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Cure samples in accordance with instructions supplied.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Start timer when pressure has been fully applied. It is important to ensure that air is not trapped in samples or mold while curing. Apply full pressure and release three times to allow trapped air to escape.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Carefully remove samples from the mould using the brass screw driver,</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Place all samples at room temperature or cooler water for 10 minutes.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Trim the edges of each specimen to remove any overflow.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Condition samples at room temperature for 24 hours prior to testing. Weight the test piece prior to testing.</li>
</ol><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 120%;">Procedure<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 120%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Fit the sample in the sample holder of the Din abrader machinery.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">"ON" the machinery and allow the sample to abrade.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Stop the machinery, when the sample get 20 meter run.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Remove the sample from the holder and remove the loose material then weigh it again (initial weight) accurately.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Take the weight after 40 meter run.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Remove the sample from the holder and remove the loose material then weigh it again (final weight) accurately.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Find the mass loss(Initial weight – final weight)</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Find the specific gravity of the sample.</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;">Specific gravity = Weight in air / Loss of weight in water</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;">Abrasion loss = mass loss / Specific gravity</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 120%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 120%;">HEAT BUILD UP (ASTM D 623 - 78)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="Style13" style="line-height: 125%; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">These tests are used to compare the rate of heat generation of different rubber vulcanisates when they are subjected to dynamic compressive strains .the Goodrich flexometer as per ASTM D 623-78was used for measuring the property. Tests were carried out with cylindrical samples of 1" height and 0.7" in diameter. The oven temperature was kept constant at 50°c. The samples were preconditioned to the oven temperature for 15". The samples were subjected to flexing for 18". The heat build up at the base of the sample was relayed to the micro voltmeter. The temperature rise (A T°c) at the end of 18" was taken as the heat build up.</div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 120%;">RESILIENCE (ISO -R -1767) <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 120%; margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 120%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Standard tests mostly measured the rebound of a pendulum from the rubber test piece.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Apparatus:</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> - Lupke pendulum<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Test specimen of 12.5mm thick was molded as per specification<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In this machine the striker is a steel bar suspended so as to remain horizontal. It was released from a position, 100mm above its rest position, the height of the rebound was measured (usually indirectly from the horizontal return swing) and expressed as percentage of the 100mm fall, the result was measured as rebound resilience.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">FLEX RESISTANCE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>CRACK INITIATION (ASTM D430 – 95)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Equipment used : De Mattia Flexing Machine</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Procedure<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>After adjustment of the apparatus and specimens is completed, start the machine and record the time. Continue the test until, by frequent inspection, the appearance of the first minute sign of cracking is detected. At this point, again record the time. The first cracking may be evidenced as either very fine hairline cracks or as slight pinholes. After this time, observe the specimens very closely until the test is discontinued, and record the final time when the cracks have developed sufficiently to permit grading the degree of the cracking in all specimens as described in Section 25. It is not desirable to run the specimens until actual complete rupture occurs when this can be avoided. When testing specimens of which the dynamic fatigue properties are approximately known, run the test for a known predetermined number of cycles and then make the grading comparison.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Evaluation of De Mattia Bend Flexing Specimens<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 121%; margin: 1.8pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.1in;"><img align="left" height="2" shapes="_x0000_s1026" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="338" />Grade 0 No cracking has occurred.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.1in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-indent: -1.2in;">Grade 1<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> Cracks at this stage appear as pin pricks to <br />
</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">the naked eye. Grade as 1 if the pin pricks </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">are less than 10 in number and less than 0.5 </span>mm in length.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-indent: -1.2in;">Grade 2 Assess as Grade 2 if either of the following <br />
applies:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.8pt 0.1in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The pin pricks are in excess of 10 in num</span>ber, or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.1in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 7pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The number of cracks is less than 10 but </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">one or more cracks have developed beyond </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">the pin prick stage, that is, they have percep</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">tible length without much depth, but their </span>length is still less than 0.5 mm.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.8pt 0.2in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.2in;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">Grade 3 Assess as Grade 3 if one or more of the pin </span>pricks have become obvious cracks with a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">length greater than 0.5 mm but not greater </span>than 1.0 mm.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05in 0.1in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-indent: -1.2in;">Grade 4<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> The length of the largest crack is greater than <br />
</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">1.0 mm but not greater than 1.5 mm (0.06 </span>in.).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.1in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-indent: -1.2in;">Grade 5 The length of the largest crack is greater than <br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">1.5mm but not greater than 3.0mm (0.12 </span>in.).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.8pt 0.1in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-indent: -1.2in;">Grade 6<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> The length of the largest crack is greater than <br />
</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">3.0 mm but not greater than 5.0 mm (0.20 </span>in.).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.8pt 0.1in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-indent: -1.2in;">Grade 7<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> The length of the largest crack is greater than <br />
</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">5.0 mm but not greater than 8.0 mm (0.31 </span>in.).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.8pt 0.1in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-indent: -1.2in;">Grade 8<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> The length of the largest crack is greater than <br />
</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">8.0 mm but not greater than 12.0 mm (0.47 </span>in.).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.1in 0.0001pt 1.3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.2in;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">Grade 9 The length of the largest crack is greater than </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">12.0 mm but not greater than 15.0 mm (0.60 </span>in.).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 1.8pt 0.1in 1.8pt 1.3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.2in;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">Grade 10 The length of the largest crack is greater than </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">15.00 mm. This indicates complete failure of </span>the specimen.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img align="left" height="2" shapes="_x0000_s1027" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="338" /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>CRACK GROWTH (ASTM D 813 – 95)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Equipment used : De Mattia Flexing Machine</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Procedure<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b>After adjustments of the apparatus and specimens have been completed, start the machine and record the time. At the end of any period of operation, calculate the number of flexing cycles by multiplying the observed time in minutes by the machine rate of 5 Hz (300 cpm). This shall also be checked by means of a counter on the machine. Since the rate of crack growth is important, take frequent readings early in the test. Stop the machine after 1000, 3000, and 5000 cycle periods, observe the specimens, and measure the length of the developed crack to the nearest 0.3 mm (0.01 in.) with an accurate scale. For improved precision, make the observation with the aid of a low-powered magnifying glass while the grips are separated 65.0 mm (2.56 in.). Continue the test with readings at regular intervals until a crack at least 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) in length is developed. Continuation to break may be desirable when testing aged specimens or when operating at elevated temperatures. Use of a metric scale for measuring crack growth is recommended. The initial cut produced by the puncturing spear is 2 6 0.1 mm (0.08 ± 0.002) in width.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 135%; margin: 0.15in 0in 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 135%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="Style13" style="line-height: normal; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div><div class="Style13" style="margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span class="CharacterStyle1"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">VI</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">. <u>TESTS & RESULTS<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>RHEO PROPERTIES<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 23.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.7pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Cc<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>ML<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TS1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TS2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>MH<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TC15<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TC25<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TC50<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TC90<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Cure rate<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.7pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal">R</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">5.34</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">6.55</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">8.53</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">29.39</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">10.03</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">11.62</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">15.10</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">26.78</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1.31</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.7pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal">A</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">5.69</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">7.82</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.20</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">28.35</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">11.78</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">13.45</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">17.20</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">29.57</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1.17</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.7pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal">B</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">5.46</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">7.13</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">9.93</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">29.86</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">11.80</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">13.22</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">16.28</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">26.65</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1.46</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.7pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal">C</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">5.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">8.65</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">11.18</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">30.85</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">12.83</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">14.03</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">16.45</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">24.60</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1.87</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.7pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal">D</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">6.04</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">8.47</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.85</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">32.94</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">12.68</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">13.77</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">15.87</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">23.18</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2.18</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.7pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal">E</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">5.75</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">7.50</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">9.95</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">29.98</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">11.68</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">13.30</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">16.75</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">28.05</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1.34</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.7pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal">F</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">6.10</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">7.13</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">9.62</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">30.61</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">11.35</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">12.77</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">15.93</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">26.47</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1.45</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.1pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.7pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal">G</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.1pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">5.81</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal">7.68</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">10.12</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal">31.25</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">11.85</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">13.18</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">16.13</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">26.20</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.8pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1.58</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>CURE RATE<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" height="275" shapes="_x0000_i1041" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="527" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>SCORCH TIME<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" height="276" shapes="_x0000_i1042" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image038.gif" width="527" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>STUDIES OF CURE PROPERTIES<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Compound E was found matching with R based on cure rate. TS2 of E is higher than R. Compound F was having less TS2 than <st1:place st="on">E. TC90</st1:place> of B, F & G were also found matching with R. But TC15 of all experimental compounds were found higher values than R.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>PHYSICAL TEST RESULT<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>COMPOUND<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>R<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>A<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>B<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>C<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>D<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>E<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>F<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>G<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>UNAGED<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">M100</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">274.1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">245.2</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">260.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">278.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">303.4</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">274</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">297</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">298</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">M300</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">1316</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">1178</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1252</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1371</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1469</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1334</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1436</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1432</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">TS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">3272</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">3109</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3366</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3285</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3268</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3153</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3299</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">3198</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">EB%</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">572.9</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">554</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">569</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">529.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">510.3</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">526</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">527</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">515</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">HARDNESS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">58</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">59</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">61</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">TEAR</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">614</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">460</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">495</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">483</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">460</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">465</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">488</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">534</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>AGED<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">M100</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">405.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">373.2</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">429.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">427.8</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">M300</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">1641</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1574</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1809</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">1793</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">TS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">2167</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2135</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2288</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">2278</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">EB%</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">392.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">395</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">429</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">374</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">HARDNESS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">65</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">62</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">66.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">65</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">TEAR</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">234.9</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">259</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">261</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">291</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>% RETENTION<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" width="53"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">M100</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">148</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">136</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">144</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">143</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">M300</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">125</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">118</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">126</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">125</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">TS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">66</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">68</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">69</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">71</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">EB%</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">69</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">81</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">73</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">HARDNESS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">108</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">103</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">111</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">108</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.75pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div class="MsoNormal">TEAR</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.45pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal">38</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.15pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.2pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">56</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.8pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">53</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">54</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
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<div class="Section2"><div class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" height="625" shapes="_x0000_i1043" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.jpg" width="864" /></div></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
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<div class="Section3"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>STUDIES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Based on unaged data, M100, M300 & Hardness of compound E was found matching with R. Tensile Strength & EB of E was found less than R. Tear strength of all experimental compounds were found less than that of R. % RETENTION in modulus and tensile strength of E is less than that of R. % RETENTION in tear strength of R is lesser than all experimental compounds. So we selected E, F & G that were found more matching with R for further studies. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>RHEO PROPERTIES OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS</u></b> (2 batches each)</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.2in;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 41.85pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.45pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Cc<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.7pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>ML<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TS1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TS2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>MH<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TC15<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TC25<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TC50<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>TC90<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 41.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Cure rate<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.45pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">R1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.7pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal">7.42</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">9.46</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">11.57</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">30.88</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">13.22</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">14.59</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">17.88</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">28.21</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">1.40</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.45pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">R2</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.7pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal">7.44</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">9.55</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">11.63</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">31.78</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">13.27</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">14.80</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">17.90</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">28.28</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">1.46</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.45pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">E1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.7pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal">8.37</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">11.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.13</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">32.01</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">14.82</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">16.42</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">19.78</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">31.03</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">1.32</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.45pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">E2</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.7pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal">8.40</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">11.06</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.14</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">32.03</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">14.84</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">16.43</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">19.81</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">31.02</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">1.32</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.45pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">F1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.7pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal">8.19</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.35</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">12.60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">32.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">14.35</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">15.98</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">19.22</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">30.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">1.36</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.45pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">F2</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.7pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal">7.96</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.18</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">12.63</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">31.49</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">14.57</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">16.37</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">19.87</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">31.52</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">1.24</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.45pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">G1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.7pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal">8.07</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.82</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">12.97</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">31.54</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">14.53</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">16.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">18.97</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">29.00</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 20.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">1.46</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.45pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">G2</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.7pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal">8.12</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">10.85</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">13.01</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.75pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal">31.59</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">14.50</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">15.96</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">18.92</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.15pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">28.97</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.9pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div class="MsoNormal">1.47</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>CURE RATE<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" height="275" shapes="_x0000_i1044" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="527" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>SCORCH TIME<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" height="275" shapes="_x0000_i1045" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="527" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>STUDIES OF CURE PROPERTIES<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Compounds G1 & G2 were having higher cure rate than the rest of the compounds. Compounds R1 & R2 were found having less TS2 than others. TC15 of R1 & R2 was also found less than others. But TC90 of G1 & G2 was found matching with R1 & R2. So based on rheological studies we concluded that G1 & G2 were found matching with R1 & R2 in all aspects. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>PHYSICAL TEST RESULT<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">COMPOUND<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>R1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>R2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>E1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>E2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>F1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>F2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>G1<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>G2<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">UNAGED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">M100</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">328.6</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">334.4</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">334.1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">314.7</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">316.4</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">313.6</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">314.9</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">318.2</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">M300</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">1624</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1656</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1586</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">1509</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">1549</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1480</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1508</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">1558</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">TS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">3286</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">3258</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">3126</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">3025</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">3161</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">3136</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">3300</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">3209</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">EB%</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">502.6</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">501.1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">485.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">488.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">504.2</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">514.7</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">512.3</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">494.5</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">HARDNESS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">61</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">61.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">61</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">60</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">TEAR</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">558</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">570</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">482.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">517.33</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">502.75</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">514.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">512</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">532</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">AGED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">M100</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">546.1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">555.6</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">538.1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">540.4</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">526.7</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">530</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">541</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">534.3</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">M300</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">2214.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2228</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2168</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">2183</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">2131</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2140</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2214</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2253</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">TS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">2564</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2579</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2636</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">2644</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">2654</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2672</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2571</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">2512</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">EB%</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">349.1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">347</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">362.6</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">380.4</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">371.7</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">375</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">381</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">372</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">HARDNESS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">65</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">66</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">67</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">68</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">67</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">67</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">66</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">67</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">TEAR</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">264</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">266</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">234.2</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">248</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">253.6</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">254.1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">264.4</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">278</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>% RETENTION<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">M100</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">139.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">139.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">137.9</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">141.7</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">139.9</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">140.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">141.7</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">140.4</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">M300</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">126.6</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">125.6</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">126.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">130.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">127.3</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">130.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">131.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">130.8</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">TS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">72</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">74</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">82</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">86</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">81</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">83</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">72</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">73</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">EB%</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">57</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">56</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">67</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">72</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">65</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">63</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">66</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">68</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">HARDNESS</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">106.1</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">106.8</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">108.9</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">111.7</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">110.4</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">110.4</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">109</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">110.4</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.35pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">TEAR</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">53</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">54</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">52.5</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">53</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">50.6</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">51</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">49</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 24.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal">48.6</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
</span> <br />
<div class="Section4"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="621" shapes="_x0000_i1046" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image046.jpg" width="864" /></div></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
</span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>STUDIES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Based on unaged data R2 and E1 were found matching. Tensile Strength & EB of E1 were found less than R2. Tear strength of all experimental compounds were found less than that of R1 & R2. % RETENTION in modulus and hardness of F1 & E1 were less than that of R1 & R2. % RETENTION in tear strength of R1 & R2 was lesser than all experimental compounds. So based on physical studies we concluded that E1 & F1 were found matching with R1 & R2 in all aspects. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>TEST FOR ABRASION RESISTANCE<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 381px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 56.35pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 56.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 56.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">Abrasion Loss</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">(mm<sup>3</sup>)</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">R</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">122.70</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">E</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">126.065</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">F</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">127.00</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 29.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><img align="left" height="324" hspace="12" shapes="_x0000_s1028" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="456" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>TEST FOR RESILIENCE<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 381px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 56.35pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 56.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 56.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">RESILIENCE</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">R</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">42.2</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">E</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">42.5</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">F</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">42.8</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 29.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="308" shapes="_x0000_i1047" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif" width="462" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>TEST FOR HEAT BUILD UP<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 381px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 56.35pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 56.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 56.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">HEAT BUILD UP</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">(<sup>0</sup>C)</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">R</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">22</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">E</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">17</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">F</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">14</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 29.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="325" shapes="_x0000_i1048" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image052.gif" width="432" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>TESTS CRACK INITIATION & CRACK GROWTH </u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 547px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 56.35pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 56.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 56.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">CRACK INITIATION</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">(no. of cycles)</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 56.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">CRACK GROWTH</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">(no. of cycles)</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">R</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">57,618</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">2,52,419</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">E</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">51,727</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">2,53,437</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 28.15pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal">F</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">53,209</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 28.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal">3,36,115</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 29.7pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 29.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 161.65pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 29.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124.3pt;" valign="top" width="166"><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="243" shapes="_x0000_i1049" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image054.gif" width="378" /></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="280" shapes="_x0000_i1050" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image056.gif" width="372" /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>STUDIES OF ABRASION RESISTANCE, RESILIENCE, HEAT BUILDUP & FLEX LIFE<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Based on test data it was seen that the compound R has better abrasion resistance & better in crack initiation. But F is superior in heat build up & crack growth; it has less heat built up than others. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">VII. <u>CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Our project work is on replacement of NR with SBR 1712 in a heavy duty truck tyre tread cap compound. The aim of the project was <b>cost reduction with optimized properties</b>. Experiment results shown the following positive remarks</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b>% retention of M100 & M300 in E & F are comparable with R<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b>% retention of HARDNESS in E & F are also comparable with R <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b>Heat Build Up of E & F are less than that of R<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b>Crack Growth resistance of E & F are higher than that of R<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b>EB % of F is comparable with R<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3pt; text-align: justify;">The negative remarks are</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b>Abrasion resistance of E & F is less than that of R<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b>Crack initiation resistance of E & F are lower than that of R<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b>Tensile strength of E & F are lower than that of R<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b>Tear strength of E & F are lower than R<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">VIII. <u>RECOMMENDATIONS<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Abrasion resistance is prime requirement of a tread cap compound. We used SBR 1712 which is capable of high filler loading, that capability is not used here. We recommend that increase the black loading & thereby improvement in abrasion resistance.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Tear resistance of E & F can be improved by a slight increase in silica addition.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b>Tensile strength can also be improved by increasing the filler loading.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>The cost was reduced to some extend by the use of SBR 1712; the increase in black loading can also reduce the cost with improvement in abrasion resistance & tensile strength.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Tyre should be build & tested for pulley wheel test, plunger test etc…<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">IX. <u>REFERENCE<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">THE VANDERBILT RUBBER HANDBOOK- Edited by Robert F. Ohme, 1990</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">RUBBER TECHNOLOGY AND MANUFACTURE- Edited by C.M. Blow, C. Hepburn, Butterworths London, 1982</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY- E</span>dited by Anil K. Bhowmick, Malcolm M. Hall, Henry A. Benarey, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1984</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">R</span>UBBER TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK, Werner Hofmann<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">RUBBER TECHNOLOGIST’S HANDBOOK, </span></span><span style="color: #231f20;">Edited by Sadhan K. De and Jim R. White, RAPRA, 2001</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF RUBBER- E</span>dited by James E Mark, Burak Erman, Frederick R. Elrich, ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS, 2005<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">ASTM INTERNATIONAL – volume 09.01<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">WEBSITES VISITED<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"><a href="http://www.astlettrubber.com/">www.astlettrubber.com</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"><a href="http://www.bste.co.th/">www.bste.co.th</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"><a href="http://www.rubberboard.org/">www.rubberboard.org</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"><a href="http://www.apollotyres.com/">www.apollotyres.com</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span></div><br />
</div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-57985434705456376962010-12-08T09:04:00.000-08:002010-12-07T20:27:54.019-08:00PVC BLOOD BAG<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);font-size:180%;" >STUDIES ON PVC BLOOD BAG FORMULATION </span><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);font-size:180%;" >USING A NEW PLASTICIZER</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements<br />
for the award of the degree of<br />
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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY<br />
IN<br />
POLYMER ENGINEERING<br />
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Report of the Project Works Carried Out At<br />
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CORPORATE R&D CENTRE<br />
HLL LIFECARE LTD<br />
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Submitted By<br />
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<span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" >DEEPAK C<br />
&<br />
UMESH.U<br />
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INDEX<br />
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INTRODUCTION<br />
1.1 Blood Bags 8<br />
1.2 Manufacture of Blood Bags 11<br />
1.3 Biomedical Characteristics of blood bags 12<br />
1.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 13<br />
1.4.1 Medical Application of PVC 14<br />
1.4.2 Limitations of PVC and its Plasticizers 16<br />
1.5 Chemistry of PVC and its Plasticizers 20<br />
1.6 DEHP (di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) 24<br />
1.6.1 Medically related Exposure of DEHP 24<br />
1.6.2 Attempts to reduce the DEHP leaching 28<br />
1.7 Alternatives Plasticizers for DEHP 28<br />
1.8 Hexamoll DINCH 30<br />
1.9 Epoxidized Soyabean oil 34<br />
1.10 Ca- Zn stabilizer 35 <br />
1.11 Liquid paraffin 36<br />
2 EXPERIMENTAL 39<br />
2.1 Materials 40<br />
2.2 Experiment 42<br />
2.2.1 Compounding of Materials 42<br />
2.2.2 Palletizing 44<br />
2.2.3 Extrusion of sheets 45 <br />
2.3 High Frequency Welding 47<br />
2.4 Experiments and methods 47<br />
2.5 Chemical Tests 47<br />
a) Residue on ignition 48<br />
b) Preparation of test fluid 48<br />
c) Tests 48<br />
I) Determination of oxidizable constituents 48<br />
II) Determination of Ammonia 48<br />
III) Determination of Acidity or Alkalinity 49<br />
IV) Determination of Evaporation on residue 49<br />
V) Determination of Turbidity and Degree of Opalescence 49<br />
VI) Determination of UV absorbance 50<br />
VII) Leaching studies 50<br />
VIII) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 52<br />
2.6) Physical Tests 52<br />
I) Tensile test 52<br />
II) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 52<br />
III) Hardness test 53<br />
IV) Water absorption test 53<br />
V) Water Vapor Permeability Testing 53<br />
VI) Transparency tests 54<br />
VII) Gas permeability studies 55<br />
VIII) Test for Plasticizer Compatibility in PVC Compounds <br />
Under Humid Conditions 55<br />
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3) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56<br />
3.1) Chemical Tests 58<br />
a) Residue on ignition 58<br />
b) Determination of Alkalinity 58<br />
c) Determination of Acidity 58<br />
d) Determination of Ammonia in the Extract 59<br />
e) Determination of Turbidity and Degree of Opalescence 59<br />
f) Evaporation Residue 59<br />
g) Oxidizable Constituents in the extract 59<br />
h) UV absorbance 60<br />
i) Leaching Studies 60<br />
j) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 61<br />
3.2) Test for Plasticizer Compatibility in PVC Compounds under <br />
Humid Conditions 62<br />
3.3) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 63<br />
3.4) Water Absorption test 64<br />
3.5) Tensile test 65<br />
3.6) Hardness test 67<br />
3.7) Transparency tests 67<br />
3.8) Water Vapor Permeability Testing 68<br />
3.9) Gas Permeability Studies 69<br />
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4 CONCLUSION 71<br />
5 REFERENCES 72<br />
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INTRODUCTION<br />
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INTRODUCTION<br />
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Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen and transports waste products away from those same cells. It’s a living tissue that circulates through the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries, carrying nourishment, electrolytes, antibodies, heat and oxygen to the body tissues. Blood makes up about 7% of our body's weight. The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 liters. In addition, it plays a vital role in our immune system and in maintaining a relatively constant body temperature. Blood is a highly specialized tissue composed of many different kinds of components. Four of the most important ones are red cells, white cells, platelets, and plasma. In human body one microlitre blood contains 4.7 to 6.1 million (male), 4.2 to 5.4 million (female) erythrocytes, 4,000-11,000 leukocytes and 200,000-500,000 thrombocytes. Red cells, or erythrocytes, are relatively large microscopic cells without nuclei. In this latter trait, they are similar to the primitive prokaryotic cells of bacteria. Red cells normally make up 40-50% of the total blood volume. White cells, or leukocytes exist in variable numbers and types but make up a very small part of blood's volume--normally only about 1%. Leukocytes are not limited to blood. They occur elsewhere in the body as well, most notably in the spleen, liver, and lymph glands. Platelets or thrombocytes are cell fragments without nuclei that release blood-clotting chemicals at the site of wounds. Plasma is the relatively clear liquid water (92+%), sugar, fat, protein and salt solution, which carries the red cells, white cells, platelets, and some other chemicals. Normally, 55% of our blood's volume is made up of plasma. About 95% of it consists of water.<br />
People may need blood transfusion for many reasons. Some reasons are to:<br />
replace blood that has lost<br />
restore the bloods ability to carry oxygen<br />
help control the forming of blood clots<br />
help control the blood pressure<br />
Approximately eight volunteer blood donors donate about 12.6 million units of whole blood in the United States each year. These units are transferred to about 4 million patients per year. The need for blood is great: on any given day, approximately 32,000 units of red blood cells are needed. Accident victims, people under going surgery and patients receiving treatment of leukemia, cancer or other diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, all utilize blood. Blood transfusions can be life-saving in some situations, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. People suffering from hemophilia or sickle cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. Early transfusions used Whole Blood, but modern medical practice is to use only components of the blood. Blood bags are used in medical purposes for storing blood or infusion solutions. Blood transfusions become safe, dependable and convenient and a result of three important developments- the landmark discovery of blood groups by Pro. Carl Landsteiner (1900), the safety and effectiveness of citrates for intravenous administration by Hustin (1914) and the development of coagulant solution ACD. Modern blood banking was initiated with the pioneering work of development of PVC bags for blood collection and storage started by Prof.Carl W. Walter of Harvard Medical School in 1947. He had to face several problems in developing his design to a commercial product. After extensive clinical trials conducted in USA, he finally got permission to manufacture this item in 1962.<br />
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1.1 Blood bags<br />
Blood was collected into reusable glass bottles in the first half of the twentieth century. Whole blood was transfused. Pyrogenic reactions from contamination due to incomplete cleaning were frequent. Air embolism was a common complication due to the vacuum systems used on glass bottles. Flexible plastic blood bags replaced first replaced glass bottles for collecting blood as early as the late 1940’s. In 1949, the American Red Cross conducted trials of plastic bags. Plastic bags were disposable and, because of their flexibility, facilitated the separation of blood components and the advent of component therapy. Polymers are most important and largest family of materials used in medical technology. With the advent of plastics in the field of medical technology, the use of traditional materials such as glass and metals has been reduced considerably. The utilization of plastics in the medical disposable device sector minimized or avoided the risk of cross- contamination and the infection and the need for resterilization. Various polymers like Poly (vinyl chloride), Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polycarbonate, Acetal copolymers and some specialized polymers synthesized through biotechnology route are used for different applications. Of these PVC is the most widely used plastic for disposable medical products. Its use has grown considerably over the past 60 years, to the point where PVC represent more than 27% of all plastics used for different applications.<br />
1.1.1 Storage of blood in Blood bags<br />
Blood bag system consists of disposable bio medical transparent plastic containers for collection, storage, transport, separation and administration of whole blood and blood components. The blood bag consists of single and multiple bags. The donor bag in which blood is collected from donor usually consists of anticoagulant solutions. The flexible blood bag enables storage and separation of blood components in a closed system and thus avoids the risk of contamination. Use of blood bag has made it possible to fractionate single donors blood into multiple components like platelets, plasma, granulates etc and the blood components can be economically and effectively used for multiple patients. It is possible to harvest the specific components of blood that is required and return the other components into donor. The single bag system consists of donor bag, donor tube, puncturable and nonsealable transfusion pot and clamp. The donor tube consists of an integral needle with a tamper proof needle cover, sealed on to the needle holder.<br />
The increased use of blood component transfusion in place of whole blood transfusion and the concomitant use of related procedures such as aphaeresis have created a need for containers that are particularly suitable for the extended storage of whole blood and its cellular components. For the reasons of effective utilization of blood and reduced the burden to the patient, the currently used system for the blood transfusion depends on the component transfusion concept that the blood collected from the donor is separated into components as by centrifugation and only the necessary component is transfused to the patient. The component transfusion can utilize the blood more effectively than the prior art whole blood transfusion. On the other hand, blood collection often uses a multiple blood bag system having a blood- collecting bag and more sub bags. Among the multiple bag systems, a triple bag having a primary bag and two sub bags is often used where in blood collected in the primary bag is separated into three components, erythrocyte concentrate, platelet concentrate, and platelet poor plasma, for effecting centrifugation twice. The need exist especially for containers that maintain the viability of stored blood cells. It is known that the viability of cells during storage is very much influenced by the permeability of containers. For example, when platelet concentrate (PC) are stored in standard containers made of vinyl chloride resin, the pH is notably reduced due to the low gas permeability of the containers. This is in turn lead to the deterioration of platelet function. Accordingly, the platelets can be stored only for limited periods of time following collection. This is of course creates logistic problems for medical institutions,<br />
blood centers, blood donors and recipient and the like.<br />
Hindustan Latex Limited setup its blood bag manufacturing facility in September 1993. HLL Haemopack is manufactured from superior grade PVC based materials, which makes it flexible, and at the same time mechanically strong to withstand certification and rough handling during use. HL Haemopack blood bags systems are available as follows.<br />
Type of Bag<br />
Anti coagulant Solution<br />
Capacity of Main Bag (ml)<br />
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Single CPDA 100, 250, 350,450<br />
Double CPDA 350, 450<br />
Triple CPDA & CPD –sagm 350, 450<br />
Quadruple CPDA & CPD-sagm 350, 450<br />
Penta CPDA 350, 450<br />
Transfer CPDA 300<br />
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CPDA: - Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine<br />
SAGM: – Saline Adenine Glucose Mannitol<br />
CPD: - Citrate Phosphate Dextrose<br />
1.2 Manufacture of Blood Bags<br />
Blood bag is made by using medical grade PVC resins. The following major steps are involved in the manufacture of blood bags.<br />
1.2.1 Compounding: -<br />
Medical grade PVC material is modified with a number of additives like plasticizer<br />
(eg: - DEHP), Stabilizers, Lubricants etc. The process of incorporation of these additives in PVC material is known as compounding.<br />
1.2.2 Palletizing: -<br />
The compounded material is processed in any of the convenient convectional methods to attain cylindrical and granular shape.<br />
1.2.3 Sheet Extrusion: -<br />
PVC materials are extruded through T die for converting plasticized material in sheet form. Single screw extruders are employed for this purpose. Extruded sheet after slitting is cut into desired size and send it to welding section.<br />
1.2.4 Injection Molding: -<br />
The polymer is preheated in cylindrical chamber to temperature at which it flows and it is forced into a relatively cold closed mold cavity by means high pressure.<br />
1.2.5 Tube Extrusion: -<br />
PVC materials are extruded through die for converting plasticized material into tube form.<br />
1.2.6 Ultra cleaning: -<br />
It is done to remove dust, mold releasing agents and other oily substance from the component.<br />
1.2.7 High Frequency Welding: -<br />
High frequency welding techniques are used in the blood bags. PVC sheet is placed between electrodesand high frequency, high frequency is applied. The PVC gets heated very rapidly and sealing takes place between electrodes. During welding, donor, transfer tubing etc. are kept in correct position. Then clamps are fixed on the tubing. After inspection acceptable bags are sent to labeling section.<br />
1.2.8 Labeling: -<br />
Labels giving information and instructions are pasted on the bags.<br />
1.2.9 Anti coagulant Preparation and Filling: -<br />
Anti coagulant is prepared by mixing pyrogen free distilled water with I.P grade chemicals like sodium citrate, citric acid etc. After mixing the solution is filled in the bag and sent for coagulation.<br />
1.2.10 Autoclaving: -<br />
The blood bag contains anticoagulant are autoclaved in specially designed trolleys.<br />
1.2.11 Drying, Aluminum Foil Packing: -<br />
After reaching the packing section, packing is done in clean laminar flow, sterile area to avoid contamination at this stage.<br />
1.3 Biomedical Characteristics of blood bag<br />
The components which come in contact with blood must be non-toxic, non irritating and non hemolytic. The amount of migration of chemical substances from the blood bag material has to be with in acceptable limits and bio chemical and hematological parameters of blood should be maintained as completely as possible during the storage. The bag material and tubings have to satisfy a number of mechanical, thermal and optical requirements. The bag should also satisfy the requirement of use like ease in processing of blood storage at low temperature etc. Medical grade PVC is used for the manufacture of blood bag since it is free from toxic effects. The main components of blood bag are sheet, tube, transfusion port, needle holder, needle cover and needle. Packing material includes PP cover, Aluminum foil cover and corrugated box. The production facility has been designed in the HLL as per the guidelines given by the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute .For Medical Sciences & Technology and the clean room is as per the requirements of BS 5295 standard.<br />
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1.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)<br />
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most popular polymers used in medical applications. Medical applications account for 0.5% of the total PVC volume used in Western Europe2. The world PVC use was 2.94×107 t in 2004 with a 4.3% annual growth rate3.Plasticized-PVC blood bags have been used since the 1950s for the collection of whole blood, the processing of this into plasma, platelets etc and for storage. Plasticized PVC, the plastic used in the first blood bags introduced by Carl Walter over 40 years ago. The Americans began to use plasticized PVC bags in the Korean War, circa 1950. Since 1990 other polymers have been considered. The superior performance and value of PVC containers led to their wide acceptance as both blood bags and IV solution containers. PVC plays a valuable role in protecting health and improving standards of hygiene and has helped to provide low cost, high technology health care. Bags for the storage of blood and its components, tubing for extracorporeal circulation and endotracheal intubations and intravenous catheters are some of the medical devices where in plasticized PVC are employed. PVC is not a blood-compatible polymer and additives such as plasticizers added to the polymer during processing to impart flexible character to otherwise rigid PVC also contribute too many adverse effects when used in contact with tissue or blood. PVC plays a valuable role in protecting health and improving standards of hygiene and has helped to provide low cost, high technology health care. Lightweight, shatter- resistant, and easy to handle, plastics has pushed aside the traditional material for holding, storing, transferring and dispensing biological liquids. Among the various plastic material PVC has dominated alternative polymers because of its optical clarity flexibility, surface finish, capacity to with stand steam sterilization (up to 1210C also referred to as autoclaving), ability to form tight seals through radio frequency (RF) sealing, resistance to kinking, biocompatibility with a range of solutions and body tissues, and low cost. These excellent and varied properties made PVC one of the most prominent materials for medical device manufacturing. In most of these applications PVC has captured a share of 70- 90% of the total market.<br />
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PVC can be used to produce a variety of medical products ranging from rigid components to flexible sheeting. The type and amount of plasticizer used to determine the compounds glass transition temperature, which defines its flexibility and low temperature characteristics. Both flexible and rigid components in PVC have the same material structure; they can be easily assembled by the solvent bond. The two solvents used for the PVC bonding are cyclohexane and methyl ethyl ketone. Rigid parts are suitable for ultra sonic bonding while the flexible extruded or calendared PVC films can be sealed using heat or radio frequency sealing.<br />
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1.4.1 Medical application of PVC<br />
PVC based products have important medical application, which include extruded as well as molded products as well as calendared and coating products. Examples include blood bags and tubing, intravenous containers and components, catheters, dialysis equipment and tubing, ear protection, inflatable splints, oxygen delivery components, surgical wire, and thermal blankets. Plasticized PVC has good clarity so that tubes and other products retain their transparency and it is resistant to tearing. Bags are needed for example for taking up of blood as blood storage bag or for the sterile storage of solutions for parenteral injection solutions. For this purpose the bags have to be completely sterile and to this end normally have to be heated to at least 1000C .For this purpose the thermoplastic polymeric materials has to be thermally stable, at least up to the temperature to which it is used for sterilization. Medical products made from PVC can be sterilized by steam, ethylene oxide, or gamma radiation. Plasticized PVC can have a Tg as low as –40°C and still be suitable for steam sterilization at 121°C. Plasticized PVC maintains its product integrity during cold and hot conditions. It is resistance to kinking in tubing reduces the risk of fluid flow being interrupted. Low cost, broad Tg spectrum, wide processing-temperature range, high seal strength, thermoplastic elastomer–like material properties, high transparency, wide range of gas permeability, and biocompatibility these are some characteristics that make PVC attractive. Excellent chemical resistance, Excellent electrical properties, Low Moisture Absorption, Ease of fabrication, Good dimensional stability, Self-extinguishing, Weldable and cementable Easy Maintenance, High level of abrasion resistance, Extremely Bleach and Stain resistant, Moisture Proof, these are some of the properties of PVC.<br />
Therefore the key advantageous of PVC over other materials for medical devices are:<br />
• Sterilization: Plasticized PVC maintains its product integrity under hot and cold temperatures<br />
• Transparency: Plasticized PVC has good clarity so that bags , tubes and other products retain their transparency<br />
• Flexibility: for the easily storage of blood.<br />
• Strength: Resistance to tearing.<br />
PVC is the choice of medical applications not only because of its performance characteristics but also because it is also inexpensive and allows hospitals to use quality disposable items that reduce infection rates.<br />
PVC is the material of choice in many medical applications not only because of its performance characteristics, but because it is also inexpensive and allows hospitals to use quality disposable items that help reduce infection rates. Plasticizers are added to PVC to make it flexible. Since the 1940s, the most commonly used plasticizer has been from the family of phthalate compounds and of these, by far the most widely used is DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), sometimes known as DOP (di-octyl phthalate).<br />
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1.4.2 Limitations of Flexible PVC<br />
Despite all the superb attributes and wide applications of PVC. It has been at the centre of a controversial debate during the last two decades. A number of diverging scientific, technical and economic opinions have been expressed on the question of PVC and its effect on human health and the environment. Over the past several years, a number of publications concerning toxic emissions, effect of plasticizers on animals and humans have been reported. Most commonly cited short comings of PVC are:<br />
• Toxic effluents during manufacturing<br />
Leachable plasticizer<br />
Dioxin and HCl generation upon incineration<br />
Chemical interaction with drugs or package contents<br />
a) Toxic effluents during manufacturing<br />
Poly (vinyl chloride) contains more than 50% chlorine by weight. As a result of PVC's relatively high chlorine content, its production, use and disposal give rise to emissions of dioxin, vinyl chloride monomer, and their dangerous, chlorinated organic pollutants. During the manufacture of PVC 90% of the vinyl chloride has polymerized. Leftover Vinyl chloride monomer is drawn off using a vacuum and largely recovered. Traces of vinyl chloride are remained in the PVC material and these leach out into the containers during its usage. Thus Vinyl chloride, the essential building block of PVC is a proven human carcinogen. Workers in PVC production facilities and residents of neighboring communities are inevitably exposed to vinyl chloride monomers. VCM the building block of PVC has been proven to cause liver cancer in workers in the industry. Greenpeace point out the dangers of an accident that could cause the release of large amounts of VCM into the environment. High-level exposure to vinyl chloride, its health risk at lower exposure levels remains controversial. Industry representative’s point out that prior to discovery of the cancers, PVC workers did not experience particularly negative symptoms or toxic effects other than light-head¬ed¬ness. Some studies, however, indicate that vinyl chloride may have a role in other cancers as well as possible birth defects. The critical volumes data refer to amounts of water or air that would be contaminated to maximum allowable levels per the Swiss ministry. These above data offer a means of comparing the relative significance of each type of emission. An April 1993 report from the European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers acknowledges that certain dioxins are formed when hydrochloric acid is mixed with ethylene to form EDC (oxychlorination). According to Ronald Cascone, a researcher at Chem. Systems, Inc. of Tarrytown, New York, these dioxins are not of concern, as they appear in minute quantities among a range of other toxic substances, all of which must be handled appropriately.<br />
<br />
<br />
Process-related emissions from production of PVC resin<br />
<br />
b) Leachable plasticizer<br />
One of the limitations in using plasticized PVC is the possibility of plasticizer migration over time for various service conditions. Plasticizer can be removed from PVC by contact with air, water or an absorbent solid material. Plasticizer loss reduces the flexibility and in some extreme cases it result in noticeable shrinkage. As the plasticizer is not chemically bound to the polymer; it is leached out from the products during storage or while in use. The loss of plasticizer due to leaching is found to affect adversely the function of product in two ways one it affect the mechanical properties such as abrasive, compressive and tensile strength of the polymer article changes considerably. It affects the flexibility and transparency of the product loose drastically. Leaching of DEHP from any given PVC product is dependent on many factors which include: concentration of the phthalate in PVC matrix (greater concentration leads to greater leaching), Vapor pressure of the plasticizer(greater vapors pressure leads to more leads to leaching), surrounding temperature(greater temperature leads to leaching), size of the sub chains, presence of secondary plasticizer to reduce leaching, the degree of “curing “ of the plasticizer and the polymer, the type of surrounding media, application of pressure or agitation, and storage or use time. Three factors which affect the plasticizer retention 1) molecular weight (smaller the molecular weight greater is the volatility and diffusion of the plasticizer 2) linearity {Diebal (2002) found out that branched plasticizers perform better than linear plasticizer in extremely acidic and caustic environments} 3) Polarity<br />
In modern medical technology many plasticized PVC device come in contact with blood, blood components or medical drug solutions while undergoing different medical procedures such as heamodialisis, transfusion of whole blood, platelets or plasma, extracorporeal oxygenation, cardiopulmonary bypass and administration of intravenous fluids. During these medical procedures there are chances of leaching out of DEHP into surrounding media such as blood or blood components, IV fluid or medications. This extraction occurs either by DEHP directly leaching out of PVC product or when an extracting material diffuses into the PVC matrix dissolves the plasticizer and the two diffuses out together. The overall loss of plasticizer from PVC products will depend on both the diffusion constants with respect to the PVC and the solubility or volatility at the surface.<br />
c)Dioxin and Hydrochloric acid emission during the disposal of PVC by incineration<br />
As the number of disposable medical products in use increase, the public concern about the environmental and biological risks of their disposal will also grow.<br />
Dioxin, the most potent carcinogen ever encountered, is created during all phases of PVC production, as well as in its disposal by incineration or accidental fire. Dioxin is made up of 75 different compounds. A more complex name for these compounds is chlorinated diobenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), which are commonly referred to as polychlorinated dioxins. Dioxins occur as by-products in the manufacture of organochlorides in the incineration of chlorine-containing substances such as PVC in the bleaching of paper, and from natural sources such as volcanoes and forest fires. There have been many incidents of dioxin pollution resulting from industrial emissions and accidents; the earliest such incidents were in the mid 18th century during the Industrial Revolution. Municipal waste incinerators are a leading source of dioxin, and half of the chlorine in incinerators that ends up in dioxin comes from PVC waste. Dioxin quantities are commonly measured by their toxic equivalents (TEQ) relative to the most toxic form, 2,3,7,8 TCDD. While the European report acknowledges that even with all the controls in place, minimal dioxin releases continue, other observers agree with Cascone that PVC manufacture is not a significant source of dioxin contamination. 1989 Danish study reported that doubling the amount of PVC led to a 34% increase in dioxin formation. In a 1987 study in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, however, increasing PVC concentrations caused no corresponding increase in dioxin emissions. Chlorine found in wood and paper may contribute just as much to dioxin formation as that in PVC, according to some researchers. Dioxin formation is affected primarily by the incinerator’s operating conditions. A 1986 Swedish study found that the emissions of certain persistent organo-chlorines could be reduced to 2% of their original level just by optimizing the turbulence and air-flow within the combustion chamber<br />
Dioxins are extremely toxic and potent environmental contaminants. They modulate and disrupt multiple growth factors, hormones; immune system and developmental process. Over the last few years, an increasing number of reports have appeared about the reproductive problems in both wildlife and humans. Nanogram to microgram/Kg body weight doses of dioxin on a single day during pregnancy was found to cause permanent disruption of male sexual developments in rodents, including delayed testicular decent, lower sperm counts and feminized sexual behavior. The study of The American Public Health Association revealed that a prenatal exposure to dioxin in rodents substantially increased the risk of breast cancer later in life.<br />
d) Chemical interaction with drugs or package contents<br />
The DEHP that has been leached out from IV bags may interact with the content of the solutions stored in, which in turn affect the delivery of appropriate amount of therapeutic drugs and thus alter their effects on human. These interactions may have important implications in patients. Petersen. et. al (1975) found that DEHP might compete for the same binding protein sites as the drug dicumarol, significantly increasing the coagulation time of mouse blood. They further demonstrated that DEHP increases hexabarbital (a barbituate) sleep time in rats by increasing the retention time for hexabarbital (due to DEHP’s liphophilic characteristics). Mahomed, et.al. (1998) found that the concentration of the drug diazepam (Valium) fell around 80% in glass and to 50% in a PVC container after four hours and to an even lower concentration in the PVC container after eight hours of storage.<br />
<br />
<br />
1.5 Chemistry of PVC and its plasticizers<br />
Flexible PVC plays a major role in medical device manufacturing. The specific characteristics of vinyl medical devices are achieved through the addition of a wide variety of additives. Around 98% of the total consumption of PVC for medical applications is used for the production of flexible products like bags, tubes, gloves, etc. PVC is a relatively rigid and brittle amorphous polymer. The vinyl monomer consists of a carbon- carbon double bond with one pendent chlorine and three hydrogen atoms. It polymerizes through a free radical mechanism, the resulting polymer having the repeating unit -CH2CHCl- . In the amorphous structure, the individual molecules of the polymer lack mobility because of the strong chemical bond between hydrogen and chlorine atoms of adjacent polymer chains. Flexibility of PVC can be achieved by blending with plasticizers. Poly (vinyl chloride), PVC, has a polyhalogenated chain with chlorine atoms covalently linked to atoms of carbon, providing thus many points of dipolar interaction along its chain which give rise to strong interchain interactions and consequent rigidity of the polymeric material. Plasticizing additives break interchain dipole interaction providing a material with mobility and flexibility characteristics of a polymer with less interchain interaction. Plasticizers are clear, organic liquid materials that are added to PVC formulations to obtain flexible products. The use of plasticizer involves the introduction of a low molecular weight substance into the structure that act as a molecular lubricant, physically separating the chains and allowing them some mobility, thus giving the flexibility. The larger the volume of the plasticizer, greater the flexibility and softness. In order to get the property of flexibility the plasticizers should be highly compatible with the polymer resin and should become an integral part of the matrix. Plasticizers allow PVC to be softened and shaped into many designs without cracking. Obviously, large volume of plasticizer increases the flexibility and softness of the material. In reality, the mechanism of plasticization is a little complex. The incorporation of plasticizer into PVC involves the penetration of the plasticizer into PVC resin particles, which cause them to swell.<br />
During this process, the polar groups in the PVC are separated and polar groups in the plasticizer are able to interact with those of the resin. The structure of the resin is then re-established with all incorporation of the plasticizer in polymer structure. This effectively provides 'free volume' in the polymer that allows for molecular flexibility. Unplasticized PVC has negligible free volume. The incorporation of plasticizer decreases the interaction forces of adjacent chains, lower the glass transition temperature of the polymer and produce chain mobility and material flexibility. It is important to note that the nature of the plasticizer molecule, in relation to its molecular size, polarity, solid-gel transition temperature and the precise characteristics of the plasticizer- polymer interaction, controls the effectiveness of the plasticizer, both with respect to the flexibility introduced and to the retention of the plasticizer in the material<br />
<br />
<br />
Many putative plasticizers fail to interact with the PVC resin and produce little or no flexibility, whilst some give flexibility but the final structure is such that the plasticizer cannot be retained under operational conditions and is lost over time, causing a reversion to the brittle state. The plasticizer used in the compounding of PVC is mainly responsible for building the desirable characteristics for medical applications such as transparency, flexibility, strength, elongation, and stability at low and high temperature, permeability to oxygen, water and carbon dioxide in the desired range [2]. The addition of plasticizer reduces the tensile strength and elastic modulus of PVC but increases the elongation at tensile failure at ambient temperature. The specific characteristics of vinyl medical devices are achieved through the addition of a wide variety of additives. PVC is a unique polymer because of its need for and ability to accept large quantities of additives to achieve specific qualities. It is a relatively rigid and brittle polymer; flexibility is achieved through the addition of chemical plasticizers. PVC consumes approximately 90% of the plasticizers produced globally. Other polymers can be made more or less flexible through the rearrangement of polymer chains or the addition of additional polymers to the mixture instead of adding Plasticizers [5]. There are several different types of plasticizers that can be used in PVC. These include adipate esters, phosphate esters, citrates, trimellitates esters, sebacate azelate esters and phthalate esters. They vary in their characteristics and performance, each having relative advantages and disadvantages under different circumstances.<br />
While there are numerous plasticizers on the market, the largest group, accounting for about 70% of consumption of millions of pounds per year, is the phthalate esters. Phalate esters are prepared by the esterification of two moles of a monohydric alcohol with one mole of Phthalic anhydride. It accounts for some 18% of total phthalate production in the United States, down from more than 30% in the mid-1970s. Five producers (Exxon, Eastman Chemical, Aristech, BASF, and Monsanto) account for more than 90% of U.S. phthalate production. Eastman Chemical and Aristech are the largest U.S. producers of DEHP<br />
There are several different types of plasticizers that can be used in PVC. These include adipate esters, phosphate esters, citrates, trimellitates esters, sebacate azelate esters and phthalate esters. They vary in their characteristics and performance, each having relative advantages and disadvantages under different circumstances.<br />
While there are numerous plasticizers on the market, the largest group, accounting for about 70% of consumption of millions of pounds per year, is the phthalate esters. Phalate esters are prepared by the esterification of two moles of a monohydric alcohol with one mole of Phthalic anhydride. Although phthalate esters can be prepared from many different alcohols, the range of alcohols used to make plasticizers for PVC applications is generally limited from C4 to C13 alcohols. Phthalate esters prepared from alcohols below C4 are too volatile, while phthalate esters prepared from alcohols greater than C13 have limited compatibility. Many commercial grade phthalates are prepared using a mixture of monomeric alcohols, such as butanol with 2-ethylhexanol, or blends of linear heptanol, nonanol, and undecanol, and so forth. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DOP) which is prepared from 2-ethlhexanol, establishes the standard against which other plasticizers may be compared .Of the twenty-five different phthalate esters, di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is the one most commonly used in the production of medical devices. It became the choice plasticizer for PVC because of its easy- to – process, easy to disperse and low cost. It is the most widely used PVC plasticizer in the world. So DEHP is regarded as the international standard plasticizer for PVC.<br />
1.6 DEHP (di (2- ethylhexyl) Phthalate) belongs to the class of agents called hypolipidemic carcinogens capable to produce adverse effect on pituitary gland tissues causing liver abnormality testicular atrophy. It is a colorless, odorless and lipophilic oily liquid that is essentially insoluble in water (.3mg/l). But it dissolves in organic solvents and is miscible with many mineral oils and lipids such that it is reasonably soluble in body fluids. DEHP has been found to be highly compatible plasticizer for PVC resin. . The PVC - DEHP system has extensively been explored for the production of many industrial, household as well as medical products. Because of its ability to provide medical devices with their desired mechanical properties, DEHP became the common plasticizer in medical field also. Red Blood cells can be stored up to 72 hrs in DEHP plasticized blood bags. The required shelf life of red blood cells in storage is a 75% survival for 24 hrs after infusion on the last day of storage. DEHP improves red blood cell storage by reducing haemolysis and membrane loss.<br />
Structure of DEHP: -<br />
Chemical name: 1, 2 Benzene Dicarboxylic acids, bis (2 ethyl hexyl) ester<br />
1.6.1 Medically related Exposure of DEHP<br />
PVC medical devices, such as IV bags and blood bags, typically contain 30-40% DEHP by weight; other devices such as medical tubings may contain as much as 80% DEHP by weight. DEHP is the main plasticizer approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for medical uses. The European Pharmacopoeia also recommended DEHP as a softening agent for disposable medical items such as blood bags and tubings. Because DEHP is not chemically bound to the polymer in a PVC medical device, it can be released when the device is heated or it can leach out when the device comes into contact with certain media such as blood, drugs saline or water. The major factor determining the degree to which DEHP leach out from the medical device are temperature, amount of DEHP in the device ,agitation of the device while in contact with medical solution, storage time of the device while in contact with medical solutions and type of medium which it is stored in or moving through the medical device. Two types of studies are done in order to quantify human exposure to DEHP in the medical setting. The first type measure the amount of DEHP that leaches out from common medical devices such as blood bags , IV bags and tubings , into physiological medium that each device such as blood and saline solution. The second solution measures the amount of DEHP or metabolites found in blood, urine or tissues treated with PVC medical devices.<br />
Several studies found out that DEHP leached from PVC blood bags, IV bags and Tubings into blood, blood products and medical solutions. DEHP has been produced in blood products in concentrations ranging from 4 to 650 mg/liter. In atleast some situations, the DEHP that is leached into the drugs can interfere with their delivery or their effects on human. A result of DEHP leaching PVC medical devices, several manufactures provide warning labels advising against the use of DEHP – plasticized PVC for administration of specific products.<br />
Based on our current scientific knowledge, human exposure to DEHP during manufacture or consumer use occurs primarily through inhalation and oral exposure. In 1970 studies identified and measured DEHP and its metabolites in human tissue and serum. There has been only limited study of dermal exposure to DEHP, but it is thought to be an insignificant mechanism for adverse human health effects. DEHP enters the human body; the compound is rapidly metabolized into various substances that are more readily excreted. The first of these metabolites to be created is mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), which is thought to be responsible for much of DEHP’s toxicity. MEHP is primarily formed by the hydrolysis of DEHP in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and then absorbed (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2005). The enzymes (lipases and esterases) that break down DEHP into MEHP are found mainly in the GI tract, but also occur in the liver, kidney, lungs, pancreas, and plasma.<br />
MEHP is subsequently further metabolized by different oxidation reactions, creating a number of other metabolites, the most significant of which include (Koch et al. 2006):2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (5OH-MEHP), 2-ethyl-5-oxy-hexylphthalate (5oxo-MEHP), 2-ethyl-5-carboxy pentyl phthalate (5cx-MEPP), and(2-(carboxymethyl)-hexyl) phthalate (2cx-MMHP).<br />
These secondary metabolites of DEHP represent the majority of DEHP metabolites (approximately70%) excreted in urine versus MEHP, which is present in urine at approximately 6% of the total amount excreted (Koch et al. 2006). 5OH-MEHP and 5oxo-MEHP are produced by the oxidative metabolism of MEHP and are present at roughly three-to ten-fold higher concentrations than MEHP in urine (Koch et al. 2003). Because the majority of conversion of DEHP to MEHP occurs in the GI tract, exposures to DEHP by ingestion may be more hazardous than by intravenous exposure, which largely bypasses the GI tract. The primary purpose of studying these secondary metabolites is that the long half times of elimination of the carboxy metabolites (5cx-MEPP and 2cx-MMHP) make them appropriate parameters for measuring time-weighted body burden of DEHP, while 5OH-MEHP and 5oxo-MEHP appear to more accurately reflect short-term human exposure to DEHP (Koch et al. 2006). However much less is known about the potential human effects of exposure to these secondary metabolites.<br />
The initial metabolism of DEHP to MEHP is qualitatively similar among mammalian species, so that animal studies are likely to be useful in understanding the consequences of human exposure. The similarity of secondary metabolite creation among non-human species is less well known. There are a number of animal studies that have been conducted over the past several decades looking at potential health effects associated with exposure to DEHP. The primary studies have involved rodents (rats and mice) while more recently studies have been conducted on primates (such as marmosets and cynomolgus monkeys) and pigs. Studies of rats represent the most prevalent source of information on potential health effects associated with varying doses and exposure routes. Parental medical exposure to DEHP of critically ill infants has been shown to exceed general population exposures by several orders of magnitude.<br />
Studies of primates focused on common marmosets (Kurata et al. 1998) and cynomolgus monkeys (Pugh et al. 2000). [3]<br />
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Man exposure to DEHP following treatment with PVC medical devices<br />
<br />
Treatment Total exposure (mg) Exposure Rate<br />
<br />
mg/kg bodyweight Time period<br />
Hemodialysis 0.5-360 0.01-7.2 Dialysis session<br />
Blood transfusion in adults 14-600 0.2-8.0 Treatment<br />
Extracorporeal oxygenation in infants 42.0-140.0 Treatment period <br />
Cardiopulmonary bypass 2.3-168 0.03-2.4 Treatment day<br />
Artificial ventilation in preterm infants 0.001-4.2 Hour<br />
<br />
Exchange transfusions in infants 0.8-4.2 Treatment<br />
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Environmental Hazards of DEHP is that it doesn’t chemically bound to the PVC polymer matrix and thus can be released through its life cycle. The half-lives of DEHP and phthalate in the environment are relatively short. They have the strong tendency to adsorb on the soil and the sediments can persist in the environment for years. Although DEHP has a low bioconcentration factor, it will preferentially bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms rather than remain in water due to its low water solubility. DEHP doesn’t significantly bioaccumulate in the food chain. DEHP enters the environment through release from manufacturing facilities. Over long periods of time it can migrate to the environment. [Five chemical Alternative Assessment Study] Because DEHP has low vapor pressure, little is found in air. DEHP that is present in the air will adsorb on to dust particles and be deposited on surfaces through gravity, rain or snow. Certain drugs also cause DEHP to leach from PVC intravenous IV bag into solutions. Pearson and Trissel (1993) found that DEHP was leach out from bags into numerous drugs.<br />
In his Handbook on Injectable Drugs, Trissel (1998) identified a wide range of drugs that have been shown to increase the leaching of DEHP from bags. DEHP that leach out into medical solutions may interact with those solutions, affecting the delivery of the appropriate amount of therapeutic drugs and thus altering their effects on human.<br />
<br />
Chemotherapeutic : Etoposide (VePesid) Paclitaxel (Taxol), Teniposide (Vumon)<br />
Antianxiety : Chlorodiazepoxide HCL (Librium)<br />
Antifungal : Micronazole (Monistat IV)<br />
Immunosuppressive : Cyclosproine (Sandimmune) and Tacrolimus (Prograf)<br />
Nutritional : Fat Emulsions and Vitamin A<br />
Some drugs also have been shown to increase the leaching of DEHP from PVC plastic into solution<br />
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1.6.2 Attempts to reduce the DEHP leaching<br />
A strong controversy over the toxicity of DEHP persists all over the world. Since early 1980’s alarming reports questioning the safety of using DEHP as a plasticizer in medical PVC application have been surfacing. Many investigators have addressed the issue of DEHP leaching and attempt to control the leaching of DEHP. Techniques such as grafting, coating and surface cross-linking with dithiocarbamates inorder to reduce or inhibit plasticizer migrations are among the most attractive ones. In one of the earlier attempts Miyamoto and Sasakawa showed that leaching of DEHP could be inhibited by glow discharge treatment of PVC products. In another study the reduction of DEHP migration was done by modifying the base polymer by radiation or chemical grafting using various monomers and standardized certain methods for reducing the amount of plasticizer migrating into the blood and blood products. A different approach has been proposed by Jayakrishnan and Lakshmi involving surface modification of DEHP- plasticized PVC articles by reacting with sodium sulphide in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst. This treatment hinders DEHP migration and leakage in the surrounding medium. However, tedious processing steps and high cost hindered the success of these attempts on an industrial level. In another attempt the plasticizer DEHP tried to replace with many other plasticizers like adipates, citrates, trimellitates, carboxylate, etc. In 1980 Jacobson et. al tried Hatcol-200 as a plasticizer in medical PVC.<br />
1.7 Alternatives plasticizers for DEHP<br />
There are a number of non-phthalate plasticizers on the market, often offering an alternative to meet special requirements in flexible PVC. For example, adipates offer low temperature flexibility and low viscosity, while trimellitates offer particular advantages in high temperature cable sheathing applications. Phosphates offer advantages in fire resistance, while alkyl sulphonates are easy to process and offer good weather resistance.<br />
a) Mesamoll (alkyl sulphonates of phenol derivatives) plasticizers from Bayer AG are suitable for use in PVC. The main advantage of Mesamoll in production is that it gels quickly, in particular at low temperatures. Goods made from plasticized PVC containing Mesamoll can be painted and printed on over a long period of time. Bayer adds that good saponification resistance gives PVC products longer durability. In addition, good high frequency weldability permits shorter welding times and greater weld strength.<br />
b) Trimellitate Plasticized PVC: -Grode et al studied the storage of platelet concentrates in PVC bags plasticized with tri octyl tri mellitate plasticiser and showed that such bags possessed sufficient gas permeability to be suitable for extended storage of platelets for at least 5 days. They also found a 30-fold reduction in plasticizer accumulation in platelet concentrates as compared to DEHP plasticized bags. Studies made subsequently confirm that such bags may be used for storing platelet concentrates for at least 5 days at 22oC. While TOTM plasticized containers were found satisfactory for storage of most platelet concentrates, it may be desirable to use more permeable containers if platelet yields are routinely very high.<br />
<br />
Types of PVC plasticizers<br />
(North American breakdown)<br />
A distinct advantage of TOTM is its low migration and volatility characteristics. Baxgter Health Care Corporation, USA (PL-1240), M/s Cutter Laboratories, USA (CLX), M/s Tuta Laboratories, Australia and others have been using TOTM as plasticiser for platelet storage bags [1]. A disadvantage of TOTM is that Since TOTM was found to be responsible for high gas transmission; attempts are made to increase gas transmission of plastic films used in the blood bags by increasing TOTM content in the plastic films. Commercially available blood bags have about 41% by weight TOTM content. Amounts of TOTM greater than 41% are no adequately absorbed in the existing resin compounds and the resulting film product is both tacky and unmaleable. The upper limit of about 41% TOTM limits increased gas transmission in blood bags but it limits the maximum storage duration of blood components such as platelets and the quantities of blood components that may be stored in a plastic blood bag of a given size [9].<br />
<br />
c) BTHC plasticized PVC: -Blood bags made with n-butyrul, tri n-hexyl Citrate plasticizers have been shown to be effective for storing platelets and their behavior is similar to TOTM plasticized bags. Measurements of pH, pO2, pCO2, glucose, lactate, ATP, total adenine nucleotide, lactate dehydrogenase and platelet factor-4) pF4) showed similar results for BTHC and TOTM plasticized bags during five-day storage of platelets. Results of in vivo studies were similar.<br />
An interesting observation, however, has been made that while statistically significant higher values have been obtained for BTHC plasticized containers than for TOTM, for pH, pO2, The jogjer pH levels obtained for BTHC is similar to the high pH levels observed during the storage of platelets in blow molded polyolefin bags, which have high permeability. This observation indicates that while BTHC and polyolefin containers ensures sufficient oxygenation to maintain an aerobic metabolism, the carbon dioxide permeability is too high and allows too much escape of the gas as indicated by the low pCO2. n-butryl tri-n-hexyl citrate now used in the manufacturing plastic films having high gas transmission but it has higher leaching from PVC than other plasticizers. So it cannot be used because of its coagulation inhibition effect.<br />
d) Polymeric plasticizers are typically polyesters, with a molecular weight range from 1,000 to 8,000. Polyethylene copolymers (EVA’s, VAE’s, etc.) and terpolymers can range up to > 500,000. Polyesters are prepared by the esterification of propylene glycol or butylene glycol with aliphatic dibasic acids. The greater the plasticizer viscosity, or molecular weight, the greater its permanence. Polymeric plasticizers composed of branched structures are more resistant to diffusivity losses than those based on linear isomeric structures; on the other hand they are more susceptible to oxidative attack. The polarity, or the oxygen-to-carbon ratio, also impacts extraction resistance of the polymeric. Lower polarity materials exhibit better extraction resistance towards polar extraction fluids such as soapy water. Glutarate polymerics reportedly have a proven history of providing good weathering resistance<br />
<br />
<br />
1.8 Hexamoll DINCH<br />
Among the new generation plasticizer Hexamoll DINCH manufactured by BASF has got good attention all over the world recently. Hexamoll® DINCH, for sensitive applications. Since it was first introduced in Asia Pacific in 2002, the demand for Hexamoll® DINCH has been growing steadily and has since been successfully marketed to the toy industry in China. It received a positive review from the European Food Safety Authority in addition to the existing recommendation from the German Federal Institute For Risk Assessment. Hexamoll DINCH is regulated under the global migration with 60 mg per Kilogram food. The plasticizer DINCH (di-isononyl-cyclohexane- 1, 2- dicarboxylate) is obtained by the hydrogenation of the benzene ring that is present in o-phthalates, and this process enables its use in medical devices and in the toy industry. Hexamoll DINCH is the 1, 2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diisonyl ester produced by the hydrogenation of the aromatic ring in diisononyl phthalate (DINP), in the presence of a noble catalyst. BASF says that it is a general-purpose plasticizer, with a well-balanced technical profile and a wide range of PVC applications. The company adds that Hexamoll DINCH exhibits no peroxisome proliferation and has no reproductive toxicity. There is also no genotoxicity, sensitization or persistency. Toxicity studies of DINCH show that it is found to be a non-irritant in both rabbit skin and rabbit eye test. DINCH has very low acute toxicity. It has been evaluated for mutagenicity, both in bacterial and mammalian cell tests, with negative results. As indicated, its performance characteristics in PVC are expected to be similar to the phthalate counterpart, except for having less solvency for PVC. DINCH has recently been introduced by BASF as a candidate for applications with sensitivity for peculiar health and environmental concerns. These sensitivities are also addressed with the recent introduction of a novel triester plasticizer completely devoid of carbon ring configurations; it is claimed for use in medical applications and “low smoke” grade PVC electrical insulations. BASF recommends the use of Hexamoll DINCH in applications that are particularly sensitive based on exposure and toxicological issues such as medical devices (i.e., blood tubes or packaging for nutrient solutions), toys (including those for children under three years of age), and food packaging (as well as artificial wine corks). Hexamoll DINCH offers a very good technical performance and can be processed by existing machinery without any problem.<br />
Hexamoll® DINCH is a clear, colorless plasticizer practically anhydrous liquid with a hardly noticeable odor that was developed for use in applications that are particularly sensitive based on exposure and toxicological issues. It is recommended for use in medical products, toys, and food packaging applications. BASF adds that Hexamoll DINCH can be also be use in sport and leisure products (i.e., gymnastic balls, exercise mats and cushions, and shoes), coating and printing inks, dispersions, textile coatings, and cosmetic applications. It is soluble in the usual organic solvents and is miscible and compatible with all of the monomeric plasticizers commonly used in PVC Hexamoll® DINCH is suitable for use with PVC and other polar polymers. It is compatible with all of the monomeric plasticizers commonly used in PVC. In most cases, only minor formulation and processing parameter adjustments are required to process flexible PVC compounds. Compared to DOP and DINP, Hexamoll® DINCH offers improved low temperature performance. In plastisol applications it offers lower initial viscosity and better viscosity stability. Hexamoll® DINCH is also remarkable for its extremely low migration rate, which is a measure of the amount of plasticizer molecules released by the plastic into a surrounding medium. This makes Hexamoll® DINCH not only ideal for toys, but also the plasticizer of choice in many medical devices. If any field requires extra careful attention to material sensitivity, it would be the medical industry as medical devices made of PVC, such as blood bags and tubing, directly enter the patient's body. Hexamoll DINCH is almost insoluble in water. BASF claims that, compared to DOP and DINP, Hexamoll DINCH offers improved low temperature performance and that in plastisol applications it offers lower initial viscosity and better viscosity stability. Both DINCH and DEHP show similar molecular weights but present some structural differences. The main difference is the flat structure of the benzene ring as opposed to the typical chair structure of cyclohexanes (figure). This different structure can strongly affect the plasticizer–poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) interaction process. Studies show that DINCH does not pose a threat to human health or environment. Unlike other plasticizers this special plasticizer DINCH has a far more permanent connection with the PVC molecules. Due to manual stress or exposure to liquids the plasticizers could not leave the PVC. This makes it very well suitable for the use in sensible applications like medical field.<br />
<br />
<br />
Chemical name : 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, di-isononyl ester<br />
Frank Welle et al studied the migration behavior of various plasticizers including DEHP and DINCH from PVC tubing’s into enteral feeding solutions. In animal experiments DEHP has been shown to impair fertility and cause malformations and has hence been labeled as toxic. Comparison was also been made with the other alternative plasticizers (TEHTM ATBC and DEHA). The results showed that migration in the DINCH system is considerably lower than for DEHP. In addition effects of DINCH are observed at higher exposure doses than DEHP. A comparison of the plasticizer migration is given in figure 2. We can see that compared to DEHP, DINCH show very low migration to the feeder solution from PVC tubes. This aspect can be utilized for the development of blood storage bags.<br />
Another comparative analysis, developed with a traditional industrial plasticizer (DEHP) and a new carboxylate plasticizer (DINCH) with low toxicity, indicated that both plasticizers showed similar viscosities for the formulations used in rotational molding, so the substitution of DEHP for DINCH should not require important changes in the plasticizer content or even the use of viscosity modifiers for use under similar processing conditions.<br />
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Schematic three-dimensional representation of DINCH and DEHP.<br />
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But some differences in the mechanical properties of DINCH and DEHP plastisols were observed. DINCH-based plastisols showed better behavior than DEHP-based plastisols for low plasticizer contents, but in the typical range used in rotational molding for toys, no significant differences between the two plasticizers were appreciated, and they were perfectly exchangeable.<br />
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Mass plasticizer migrated into enteral feeding solution per 3 hours at room temperature and a flow rate of 5 ml h-1 (realistic application conditions)<br />
Both DINCH and DEHP show similar molecular weights but present some structural differences. The main difference is the flat structure of the benzene ring as opposed to the typical chair structure of cyclohexanes (figure). This different structure can strongly affect the plasticizer–poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) interaction process. Studies show that DINCH does not pose a threat to human health or environment. Unlike other plasticizers this special plasticizer DINCH has a far more permanent connection with the PVC molecules. Due to manual stress or exposure to liquids the plasticizers could not leave the PVC. This makes it very well suitable for the use in sensible applications like medical field.<br />
Comparing DINCH and DEHP based on their aromatic character the former is an alicyclic compound and the latter is an aromatic one. This difference can also contribute different level of hydrogen bonding with PVC. Hydrogen bonding between DINCH and PVC can cause less leaching compared to DEHP where no prominent hydrogen bonding is reported.<br />
1.9 Epoxidized Soyabean oil<br />
Secondary plasticizers are low volatility liquids whose compatibility with PVC is such that they can be used along with primary plasticizers as part of the plasticizer system, but which exude if used as sole plasticizer. Epoxy plasticizers have oxirane oxygen groups in their molecules formed by the epoxidation of olefinic double bonds in their starting raw materials: They are used as co-stabilizers along with suitable mixed metal stabilizers and some of the newer types of stabilizers. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) are the most widely used epoxides. They have the disadvantage of being food nutrients for molds, some bacteria, and fungi.<br />
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Sound formulators use epoxides at low levels because the oxirane oxygen group has a strong compatibilizing action with PVC. Use of higher levels of ESO or ELO risks formation of tacky “spew” resulting when the oxirane oxygen is photo-oxidized or hydrolyzed. To get the stabilizing action of oxirane oxygen without the risk of exudation or microbial attack, some formulators use epoxy resins even though these cost more than ESO or ELO.A class of more environmentally benign plasticizers are derived from vegetable oils. Vegetable oil plasticizers provide about fifteen percent of the total US market for plasticizers, and represent about eight percent of the industrial market for vegetable oils .The most significant vegetable oil plasticizer is epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), which holds 43 percent of the vegetable oil derived plasticizer market. ESO is used as a secondary plasticizer (plasticizers used at levels of one to four percent) in flexible PVC. The Viking Products Division of Elf Atochem (Philadelphia, PA) produces ESO plasticizers under the trade name Vikoflexreg., at about $ 0.70 per pound. This is somewhat high in comparison to plasticizers such as DOP, which costs $ 0.53 per pound. However, ESO is a higher value product because of benefits such as its resistance to migration, evaporation and leaching, its low odor, and the stability to light and heat which it adds to PVC. Other epoxidized oils used by in flexible PVC include linseed oil and epoxidized tallates, although these account for less than 9 percent of the vegetable oil plasticizer market. Like ESO, linseed based plasticizers offer the additional benefit of high stability, which makes them competitive in food and medical applications where low levels of metallic stabilizers are required. These can also act as lubricant but also act as secondary stabilizers to PVC due to their epoxy content which can remove HCL from the degrading polymer.<br />
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1.10 Ca-Zn stabilizer<br />
Stabilizers have been used in flexible PVC compositions to prevent degradation during processing and forming into finished shapes. Historically, lead-based stabilizer systems were the first commercially successful ones for PVC. They are generally fine particle size basic solids, which disperse readily in flexible PVC compositions so that there are no significant unstabilized volume elements. Atomic chlorine and HCl released from degrading PVC, readily form basic lead chlorides, which do not promote further degradation of PVC. A simple way to generalize the action of heat stabilizers in flexible PVC is the following: thermal degradation of PVC molecules starts at defect structures which may take several forms but involve labile chlorine atoms. Unless an active stabilizer molecule is close to the site from which labile chlorine releases from PVC, a progressive “unzippering” of successive HCl molecules from the PVC is initiated. Stabilizers prevent this as follows:<br />
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For many years, the most popular mixed metal stabilizers for flexible PVC were based on barium and cadmium or barium-cadmium-zinc combinations, along with various phosphates and epoxy plasticizers or resins. Today, many mixed metal stabilizers for flexible PVC use zinc compounds, which exchange their anions for labile chorine atoms on PVC molecules. The zinc chloride formed in these exchanges is potent Lewis acid capable of catalyzing catastrophic dehydrochlorination of PVC. Therefore, zinc is backed up by barium or calcium in the stabilizer at a higher level than the zinc. The barium and calcium compounds do not react with the labile chlorine atoms on PVC as actively as the zinc compounds do. Then, by anion exchange, barium or calcium chlorides are formed in the mixed metal system, and the zinc ceases to be part of a strong Lewis acid. The barium and calcium chlorides are weak Lewis acids and promote PVC degradation much less than zinc chloride does. In 1993, Baker and Grossman presented work on cadmium-free mixed metal stabilizers.<br />
1.11 Liquid paraffin<br />
Lubricants are materials that control the fluxing (melting) point in the extruder/molder to achieve the best processing characteristics and physical properties. Lubricants are also added to vinyl polymers to facilitate the extrusion or other melt processing of the structural articles produced. Lubricants are generally classified as external or internal lubricants. An external lubricant provides a lubricating layer between the plastic melt and the metallic surfaces of the processing equipment. The external lubricant serves to coat the individual particles of the polymeric resin and inhibits their adherence to the metallic surfaces. In contrast, an internal lubricant reduces the effective melt viscosity of the vinyl polymer at the processing temperatures in order to improve its flow properties during processing as well as to promote fusion. An internal lubricant is generally needed only for thin extrusions such as films and thin-walled pipe. Liquid paraffin is the lubricant used.<br />
The “melting” behavior of PVC is different from that of semicrystalline polymers. PVC granules have a particulate structure; each granule is an agglomerate of primary particles (“globules”). Each primary particle has an internal fine structure made up of fibrils (“nodules”).The properties of any article fabricated from PVC depend on the original coarse powder structure being destroyed and replaced with a new connected microstructure. This process is known as fusion. Under- or over-fusion results in poor mechanical properties and so it is important to ensure that fusion takes place at the right time during processing. Internal lubricants, which coat the surfaces of the globules to assist the breakdown of the particulate structure, accelerate the fusion process that may lead to over-fusion and polymer degradation. External lubricants, which act between the polymer and metal surfaces, delay fusion. The right choice of internal and external lubricants is therefore critical in the manufacture of products from PVC. External lubricants are normally non polar molecules or alkanes. There usually paraffin waxes mineral oils or poly ethylene. Some stabilizers have oils that carry active ingredients such as external lubricants. External lubricants are normally incompatible with PVC. They help PVC slip over the hot melts surfaces of dies /, barrels and screws without sticking and contribute to the gloss on the end product surface. Extruder motor amperage is affected by small changes of external lubricants. Common problems resulting from over lubrication include: Surging of the extruder, lumpiness of the extrudate incomplete fusing and the necessity of high barrel temperature.<br />
Internal lubricants: They are normally polar molecules. They are usually fatty acid and fatty acid esters or metal esters of fatty acids and are very compatible with PVC. They lower the melt viscosity, reduce internal friction and promote fusion. Common problems of under lubrication are rough extrudate. Adhesion to metal surfaces, melt fracture, quick fusion and abnormally low barrel temperature.<br />
External/Internal Lubricants: They have long hydrocarbon chains, along with amide, alcohol, acids and ester groups. Common types used in PVC are fatty acid amides and oxidized poly ethylene .some of these materials lubricate as external lubricant before melting and internal lubricant after melting.<br />
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Requirement for a blood bag<br />
Characteristics Maximum permissible value<br />
Oxidizable constituents 1.5ml<br />
Ammonia 0.8ml<br />
Acidity or alkalinity 0.4ml NaOH solution c(NaOH)=.01mol/l 0.8ml HCL, c(HCL)=.01mol/l<br />
Evaporation residue 5mg<br />
Opalescence Slightly opalascent, but not pronounced than that of reference suspension<br />
UV absorbance In the range of 230nm to 360nm .25for plastic containers with nominal capacity ≤ 100<br />
Extractable plasticizer 15mg/100ml<br />
Residue on ignition 1mg/g<br />
Table: Chemical Limits on Plastic container<br />
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Thickness of blood bag : .37- .34mm<br />
Gas permeability : <br />
i) Oxygen permeability : 685 ± 165<br />
ii) Carbon dioxide permeability: 4160 ± 1040<br />
Water vapour absorption : 0.07-0.75%<br />
Hardness : 72-80 Shore A<br />
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Scope and Objective of the present study<br />
The aim of present study is to substitute DEHP, using DINCH plasticizer in PVC blood bag. Study involving compounding of medical grade PVC using DINCH plasticizer having various concentrations like 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 42(modified the compounding principle) and with Epoxy soyabean oil, liquid paraffin oil, calcium Zinc stabilizer using a high speed mixture .Sheets are prepared by extruder. Analyze these sheets using chemical tests like test for ammonia, acidity or alkalinity, residue on evaporation ,opalescence ,oxidisable constituents, residue on ignition, UV absorbance according to the ISO standards 3826. Leaching tests and transparency are also conducted to the ISO standards 3826.TG of the samples are analyzed using DSC. Mechanical tests like hardness tests, tear strength and tensile strength are analyzed. Transparency, water vapor transmissibility, gas permeability, FTIR, tests for plasticizer compatibility in PVC compound under humid conditions are also conducted.<br />
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EXPERIMENTAL<br />
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Chapter-2<br />
EXPERIMENTAL<br />
In this research work medical grade PVC with k value of 67, supplied by Welset plast extrusion Mumbai and speciality plasticizer DINCH, supplied by BASF was used. Several trials were taken with different combination of plasticizer to achieve right combination of properties.<br />
2.1 Materials<br />
a) Medical Grade PVC<br />
Molecular weight : 200000<br />
Water absorption : 0.07-0.75%<br />
Glass Transition(Tg) : 800C<br />
Tensile Modulus : 426000psi<br />
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b) DINCH<br />
Hexamoll DINCH is a clear, colorless plasticizer suitable for PVC is obtained from BASF<br />
Physical properties of DINCH<br />
Chemical Name : Di-isononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate<br />
Empirical formula : C26H48O4<br />
Molecular weight : 424.7<br />
Boiling Point : 240- 2500C at 4hpa<br />
Vapour Pressure : <2.8x>1500 C at 5mm Hg<br />
Flash Point 2990 C<br />
Solubility 0.01%(200 C)<br />
Density 0.9821(250 C)<br />
Freezing Point -150 C<br />
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d) Liquid Paraffin<br />
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Appearance A Clear, colorless Liquid<br />
Odor Odorless<br />
Solubility H2o Insoluble<br />
Flash Point > 1820 C<br />
Incompatibility Avoid oxidizing agents<br />
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e) Ca-Zn Stabilizer<br />
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2.2 Experiment<br />
2.2.1 Compounding of material<br />
The medical grade PVC material is compounded and modified with a number of additives like plasticizer (e.g.:-DEHP), stabilizers, lubricants etc. The process of incorporation of these additives in PVC material is known as compounding.<br />
For this experimental work compounding of medical grade PVC material done with E Epoxidized soyabean oil , Ca-Zn stabilizers and liquid paraffin with high speed mixture. Initially PVC resin, epoxidized soyabean oil, Ca-Zn stabilizers were added to high speed mixture and started the mixture, at 850 C plasticizer were added. After reaching temperature 1050C liquid paraffin was added and material discharged at 1150 C.<br />
The advantages of hot mixing of PVC powders in high-speed mixer are<br />
1) Optimal mixing quality and homogeneity.<br />
2) Short cycle times and high output rates.<br />
3) Very free flowing blends.<br />
4) Pneumatic conveying of dry blends or agglomerates without product segregation.<br />
5) Up to 20-40 % increase in bulk density as a result of sintering thenraising the output rates of processing machine.<br />
6) Low cost and effective lowering of residual VC content, partially because of high mixing temperature more than 800 C.<br />
7) Complete elimination of residual moisture in the material. [PVC Technology by W.V. Titow ]<br />
Timing, sequence and method of additive admixing, as well as the speed programme of the high speed mixer, mixing time and final temperature are some of the factors contributed to the achievement of optimal properties in the PVC composition.<br />
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Fig: 2.1 high speed mixtures<br />
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Compounding of PVC is done with different composition of plasticizer as given below in table<br />
Different composition<br />
A B C D E F G(modified the compounding)<br />
PVC 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />
Plasticizer<br />
(DINCH) 39 40 41 42 43 44 42<br />
Epoxidized<br />
Soyabean<br />
oil 10 10 10 10 10 10 10<br />
Ca-Zn<br />
stabilizer 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6<br />
Liquid paraffin 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4<br />
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Table 2.1 PVC with different plasticizer combination<br />
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2.2.2 Palletizing: In plastic processing industry mainly three types of pelletizer are used :<br />
1. Strand pelletizer<br />
2. Water ring<br />
3. under water pelletiser<br />
In strand palletizing system, the pellets are not consistent in dimensions and having inclination to carry moisture. The wastage is also very high. In water ring palletizing system, the material tends to smear over the die plate and cutting blades, due to dry cutting at the die face. In Underwater palletizing system, the molten polymer emerges from the die holes, cut into pellets by the rotating blades, under controlled temperature of water.<br />
Advantages of underwater pelletizer<br />
• Ideal melt distribution<br />
• Direct introduction of the melt into the cooling circuit<br />
• Closed water cycle<br />
• Variable pellet size from 0.5 mm to 5mm<br />
• Safe palletizing process <br />
• Low downtime & low scrap through automation <br />
• Automatic tool readjustment <br />
• Uniform pellets<br />
• Smooth pellet surface<br />
• No product oxidization<br />
• Clean operation<br />
Compounded PVC is processed into granules using palletizer as the temperature profile given below. Some flexible extruders palletize the flexible powder. This eliminates the problem of feeding powder to a single screw extruder without a crammer. It reduces the problem with moisture and minimizes house keeping. Single screw extruders normally were designed to run CUBES or PELLETS, not POWDER. Running powder can be done, but at a cost. The equipment needed to palletize.<br />
1. Multi or single screw extruder<br />
2. Palletizing head<br />
3. Bulk handling equipment<br />
4. dust collectors<br />
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Temperature profile for palletizing<br />
ZONES TEMPERATURE<br />
Zone 1 1500C<br />
Zone 2 1550C<br />
Zone 3 1620C<br />
Die 1630C<br />
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Table 2.2: Temperature profile of pelletizer<br />
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2.2.3 Extrusion of sheets<br />
Extrusion is a process by which polymeric products whose two dimensions are fixed and third dimension is infinite. Sheet extrusion is typically used to create sheets with a thickness of 0.5 to 25mm, and widths of two to nine meters. The equipment is used for extrusion is the extruder, which ensures steady supply of homogenized polymer, melts. Extruder consists of highly polished screw/screws of well defined geometry, rotating in a hollow cylinder barrel which is heated by means of external heaters. The screw geometry and design depends on the polymer processed and the desired rate of processing. The homogenized melt generated by the screw barrel combination is passed through a screen pack and a breaker plate assembly and fed to a die to impart desired shape to the melt to produce product of desired cross section. The suitability of a polymer to prepare sheet depends on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer. Besides this it is also depends on thermal characteristics such as glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc) and degradation temperature (Td). Since in most cases, the preparation of sheets is carried out by melt processing, the strength and the viscosity of polymer melt should be sufficient high to withstand stresses in sheet formation and accordingly the molecular weight processed by the polymer should<br />
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Fig2.2: extruder<br />
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Importance of each zone<br />
Feed zone: Feeding and pre heating of the material.<br />
Plasticizing zone: heating and agglomeration.<br />
Compression zone: sealing- off of vent zone in support of the plasticizing process.<br />
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Sheets of different compositions like 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, and 42 (modified the compounding principle) and have the thickness of about .34mm for the characterization studies and for the molding of blood bags are prepared by using extrusion with T type die. The screw rpm used for processing is 40. Temperature profile as given below:<br />
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Zone Temperature( 0 C)<br />
Zone1 168<br />
Zone2 175 <br />
Zone3 180<br />
Zone3 190<br />
Die1 197<br />
Die2 197<br />
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Table2.3: Temperature profile for sheet extrusion<br />
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2.3) High frequency (HF) : High frequency (HF) welding or radio frequency(RF) welding applying is also known as dielectric sealing is the process of fusing PVC sheets together by applying radio frequency energy to the area to be joined. This technology allows for air proof, leak proof, high strength weld. Blood bags for the studies like leaching are prepared by using radio frequency (RF) welding. High frequency welding techniques are used in the blood bag. PVC sheets are placed between electrodes and high frequency is applied. The PVC gets heated very rapidly and sealing takes place between electrodes. During welding, donor, transfer, tubing etc are kept in correct position.<br />
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2.4) Experiments and methods: <br />
The blood bag sheets prepared using the above compositions are characterized using various physical and chemical tests. Plastic containers used for the storage of blood and its component should be chosen so as to minimize the leaching of chemical constituents into the product. So the oxidizable constituents, ammonia content, acidity or alkalinity, evaporation residue, turbidity and degree of opalescence should be within the limits. So chemical tests have to be performed. Blood bags are sterilized under the temperature of 1210C and also during the time of separation of blood components, centrifugation is done within the blood bag,so sufficient strength is required, in order to analysis it mechanical test like tensile, tear etc have to be done. Test like water absorption, watervapour permeability, MFI, hardness test, Leaching studies, Transparency test, DSE, Test for plasticizer compatibility in PVC compounds under humid conditions, Gas permeability, FTIR etc have to be done.<br />
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2.5) Chemical tests [ISO 3826-1-500]<br />
Take material for testing from the blood derivatives contact materials of the finished, empty and sterilized plastics containers i.e. in the state in which they would be used for transfusion, collection, separation and administration procedures, including the plastic sheets used for collecting bag and the plastic tubing’s used for the collection tube and any parts that come into contact with blood and blood components. Plastic containers used for the storage of blood and its components should be chosen so as minimize the leaching of chemical constituents into the products. So the oxidizable constituents, ammonia content, acidity or alkalinity, evaporation residue, turbidity and degree of opalescence should be with in the limits.<br />
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a) Determination of residue on ignition<br />
Weigh 1 g to 2g of the material into a suitable crucible that has been previously ignited, cooled and weighed. Heat to 1000C to1050C for 1 hr. Then ignited to (550±250C). Allow it to cool in a desiccator and weigh. Repeat the ignition until constant mass is obtained. Calculate mass of residue on ignition per gram of the starting material.<br />
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b) Preparation of test fluid<br />
The extraction may be performed on pieces of sheeting or raw container. Use pieces with a total surface area of 1500cm2 which include both sides of plastic sheet. Wash this material twice with100 ml water for injection and discard the water after use. Drain the pieces; cover them with 250 ml water for injection and extract for 30 min in pressurized, saturated steam at (121±2)0C.As a comparison fluid treat water for injection in the same manner.<br />
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c) Tests<br />
I) Determination of oxidizable constituents<br />
Boil for 3 min 20 ml of the test fluid with 20 ml potassium permanganate solution[c (KMn04 ) = 002mol/1] and 1 ml sulphuric acid [c (H2SO4) =1mol/1]. Add 1 g of potassium iodide and titrate the solution with sodium thiosulphate solution [c (Na2S2O3) =.01 mol/1] until light –brown. Then add 5 drops of starch solution and titrate until colorless.<br />
Calculate the consumption of potassium permanganate solution [ c(KMnO4 ) =.001 MOL/1] For the test fluid and water serving as comparison fluid. The difference between the two values shall not be greater than 1.5ml.<br />
II) Determination of Ammonia<br />
Make alkaline 10 ml of the test fluid by the addition of 2ml of caustic soda [c (NaOH) =1mol/1] dilute with distilled water to 15 ml and then .3 ml Nessler’s reagent.<br />
Prepare the solution simultaneously by making alkaline .8ml of ammonia standard solution [c (NH4)=1mg/l] by the addition of 2ml of caustic soda [c(NaOH)=1mol/l], diluting with distilled water to 15ml and then adding .3ml Nessler’s reagent. After 30 s examine the solution, which shall not be strongly yellow colored than the comparison solution.<br />
III) Determination of acidity or alkalinity<br />
After the addition of 2 drops of phenolphthalein solution 10ml of the test fluid shall not be colored red. However, on the addition of less than .4ml caustic soda [c(NaOH)=.01mol/l],red coloration shall be occur. After the addition of .8ml Hydrochloric acid [c(HCL)=.01mol/l],this coloration shall disappear again. Mon the addition of 5drops methyl red solution, the solution shall have an orange red coloration.<br />
IV) Determination of evaporation residue<br />
Evaporate 100ml of the test fluid on a water bath and dry at 1050C to constant mass.<br />
V) Determination of turbidity and degree of opalescence<br />
Using identical test tubes of colorless, transparent, neutral glass with a flat base and an internal diameter of 15mm to 25mm, compare the liquid to be examined with a reference suspension freshly prepared as described below, the depth of the layer being 40mm. Compare the solution in diffused daylight 5min after preparation of the reference suspension, viewing them vertically against a black background. The diffusion of light shall be such that reference suspension 1 can readily be distinguished from reference suspension 1.<br />
Reagents<br />
i) Hydrazine sulphate solution:- Dissolve 1g of Hydrazine sulphate in water and dilute to 100ml. Allow to stand for 4h to 6h.<br />
ii) Hexamethylenetetramine:- Dissolve 2.5g of hexamethylenetetramine in 25 ml of water in a 100ml glass-flask.<br />
iii) Primary opalescent suspension: - Add to the solution of hexamethylenetetramine, 25 ml of hydrazine sulphate solution mix and allow standing for 24h.<br />
This suspension is stable for 2 months, provided that it in a glass container free surface defects. The suspension shall not adhere to the glass and shall be well mixed before use.<br />
iv) Standared of opalescence:- Dilute 15 ml of the primary opalescent suspension to 1000ml of water. This suspension shall be freshly prepared and may be stored for almost 24h.<br />
v) Reference suspension:- Prepare reference suspension in accordance with table. Mix and shake before use<br />
Reference suspension 1 2 3 4<br />
Standard of opalescence, volume 5 10 30 50<br />
Water, volume 95 90 70 50<br />
Table 3.4: Reference suspension<br />
Expression of results<br />
• A liquid is deemed to be clear, if it clarity is same as that of water or of the solvent use when examined under the condition described below, or if its opalescence is not more pronounced than the of reference suspension<br />
•A liquid is deemed to be slightly opalescent if its opalescent is more pronounced than as described in 2, but not more pronounced than that of reference suspension 2 <br />
•A liquid is deemed to be opalescent if its opalescent is more pronounced than as described in 2, but not more pronounced that of reference suspension 3,<br />
•A liquid is highly opalescent if its opalescence is more pronounced than as described in 3, but not more pronounced than that of reference suspension 4.<br />
VI) Determination of UV absorbance<br />
Determine the UV absorbance of the extract in a cell against the blank. The absorbance is determined in the range from 230nm to 360nm.<br />
VII) Leaching studies<br />
Migration of Plasticizers from different compositions of DINCH plasticized PVC was carried out using ethanol.<br />
Reagents<br />
Ethanol, volume traction in the range from 95.1% to 96.6%, density ρ in the range from .805g/ml to .8123g/ml.<br />
Extraction solvent: ethanol: water mixture of density ranging from 0.9373g/ml to 0.9378g/ml as determined with a pycanometer.<br />
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Preparation of standard solution:<br />
Solution 1: dissolve 1g of DINCH in ethanol and dilute to 100ml ethanol.<br />
Solution 2: dilute 10ml of solution 1 to 100ml with ethanol.<br />
Standard solution A to E:<br />
Solution A: Dilute 10ml of solution 2 to 50ml with extractant solvent (DINCH content: 20mg/100ml)<br />
Solution B: Dilute 5ml solution 2 to 50ml with extractant solvent (DINCH content: 10mg/100ml)<br />
Solution C: Dilute 2.5 ml solution 2 to 50 ml with extractant solvent (DINCH content: 5mg/100ml)<br />
Solution D: Dilute 1.25ml solution 2 to 50ml with extractant solvent (DINCH content: 5mg/100ml)<br />
Solution E: Dilute 1ml solution 2 to 50 ml with extractant solvent (DINCH content: 5mg/100ml)<br />
Calibration curve<br />
Measure the maximum absorbance of the standard solution at 272nm, using the extraction solvent as the reference solution and plot a absorbance against DINCH concentration.<br />
Extraction procedure<br />
Fill the empty plastic container to half of the nominal capacity through the collecting tube with a volume of extraction solvent heated to 370 C. expel the air completely from the plastic container and seal the collecting tube. Immerse the filled plastic container in a horizontal position in water maintained at (37±1)0 C for (60±1) min with out shaking. Remove the plastic container from the water bath, invert it gently ten times and transfer the contents to a flask.<br />
Measure the maximum absorbance at 272nm using the extractant solvent as the reference solution.<br />
Expression of results <br />
Determine the quantity of extractable DINCH by comparing the results obtained for the plastic container with the calibration curve of absorbance for the standard solution. <br />
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VIII) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)<br />
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies chemical bonds in a molecule by producing an infrared absorption spectrum. The FTIR generates an infrared spectral scan of samples that absorb infrared light. FTIR is a spectroscopic technique in which infrared light is passed through a sample, which has the characteristic adsorption frequencies in the infrared region. This produces an infrared spectrum, which looks like a series of peaks and valleys on an X/Y graph. This technique is useful both for routine material verification / identification of polymers and identification of trace contaminates via the FTIR Microscope. The prepared sample was scanned in the range of 400 to 4000 cm -1 in a Nicolet 5700 FTIR Spectrometer. FTIR of PVC, DINCH AND DINCH plasticized PVC are taken.<br />
2.6 Physical tests<br />
I) Tensile test<br />
Blood bag sheets having different compositions like 39, 40, 41,42,43,44 and 42 (modified the compounding principle )phr are characterized by using Universal testing machine (Shimadzu SES 1000) with 10 KN load cell and a constant crosshead speed of 20 mm/ min at 240 C. the tests are conducted according to the ASTM D 682. The specimen dimensions are according to the ASTM specifications. Tensile elongation and tensile strength measurements are among the most important indication of strength in a material. It is the measurement of the ability of a material to withstand forces that tends to pull it apart and to determine to what extent the materials stretches before breaking. Tensile modulus is an indication of the relative stiffness of material.<br />
II) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)<br />
Samples of different compositions (39, 40, 41, 42, 43,44 and 42 (modified the compounding principle ) were characterized by using the DSE Q10.differential scanning calorimetry or DSC is a thermoanalytical in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference are measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperature s to be scanned. The main application of DSC is in studying phase transitions, such as melting, glass transitions, or exothermic decomposition. These transitions involve energy changes or heat capacity changes that can be detected by DSC with great sensitivity.<br />
III) Hardness test<br />
Shore-A durometer (Blue steel Engineers PVT.LTD) used for the hardness testing of samples as per the ASTM D 2240-97. The hardness test measures the resistance of a material to an indenter or cutting tool. The indenter is usually a ball, pyramid, or cone made of a material much harder than that being tested. A load is applied by slowly pressing the indenter at right angles to the surface being tested for a given period of time. An empirical hardness number may be calculated from knowledge of the load and the cross-sectional area or depth of the impression. Tests are never taken near the edge of a sample nor any closer to an existing impression. The thickness of the specimen should be at least ten and one half times depth of the impression.<br />
IV) Water Absorption Test (ASTM D 570)<br />
The test specimen in the form of a bar 76.2mm (3 in.) long by 25.4mm (1 in.) wide by the thickness of the material is cut form a pressed sheet of thickness 1.25± 0.15mm. It is then weighed. Then the specimen is immersed in distilled water at 50± 20 C for 24hrs.<br />
At the end of 24 h, the specimens shall be removed from the water one at a time, all surface water wiped off with a dry cloth, and weighed. Difference between both weights gives water absorption.<br />
V) Water Vapour Permeability Testing<br />
Water Vapour transmission (WVTR) of the samples for 24 hrs were using an house setup. The technique used to measure water vapour transmission rate was a modification of wet cup method described by ASTM E 96-95. In this method test film covered a 100ml beaker filled with distilled water. The mass of water loss from the beaker was measured as a function of time and the WTVR was calculated as the steady state region using equations given as follows. Thickness of the sample was measured using a thickness guage at a minimum of 15 positions. The standard deviation of thickness for each specimen was less than 5%. A window of known area was cut from two sheets of aluminium foils and the samples were thoroughly fixed between them. Then the aluminium foils with the test sample was mounted on the beaker with the help of adhesive tape. A control set up was also made without the samples.<br />
WVTR= Mass of H2O lost<br />
Time × Area<br />
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Sp. WVTR= Mass of H2O lost x thickness<br />
Time × Area<br />
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Inside Oven RH -20%, T=370C<br />
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Fig 5: Schematic Representation diagram of the set up for WVTR studies.<br />
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VI) Transparency tests<br />
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Fill the empty plastics container to its nominal capacity with a volume of primary opalescent suspension diluted to an absorbance of .37 to .43 at 640nm (dilution factor about 1:16) as measured in a cell.<br />
Primary opalascent solution as prepared as follows.<br />
a) Dissolve 1g hydrazine sulfate in water and dilute to 100ml. Allow to stand for 4 to 6 hr.<br />
b) Dissolve 2.5g of hexamethylenetetramine in 25 ml of water in a 100ml glass-stoppered flask<br />
c) Primary opalescent solution is prepared by the addition to the 25 ml of hydrazine sulfate solution to the solution of hexamethylenetetramine. Mix both and allows standing for 24 hr.<br />
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VII) Gas Permeability studies<br />
The Gas permeability measurements were made using samples of 90mm diameter and thickness 0.36nm samples were preconditioned according to the ASTM D 618-96. The gas permeability measurements were carried out using oxygen and carbon dioxide in a manomertric gas permeability tester (Model L – 100 Switzerland) at a temperature 230 C. Gas permeability of the container used for blood and blood components storage application is an important parameter. Gas permeability is important so that the living cells of the blood component, such as platelets, can exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. This allows for the extent viability of the living blood components and longer storage.<br />
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Fig 7: Manometric Gas permeability Tester<br />
Lyssy, L 100-5000<br />
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VIII) Test for Plasticizer Compatibility in PVC compounds under Humid conditions (D 2383)<br />
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Test specimens with one side having a surface area of 25 cm2 from a 0.75-mm(0.029-in.) thick smooth surface plastics sheet(60.05 mm (0.002-im.) is suspended from hooked over distilled water in closed containers so that they do not touch the water layer, sides of the container, or each other. Place the containers in the circulating-air oven at either 60- 6 10C (140 6 20F). Put covers on loosely until the containers come to temperature equilibrium, and then tighten covers. Remove the containers from the oven at specified intervals. Change in appearance is used for judging compatibility.<br />
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS<br />
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Chapter 3<br />
Results and discussions<br />
In the present study the extruded sheets which are used for blood bags having different plasticizer concentrations like 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 and 42 (modified the compounding principle) phr are characterized by using various chemical and physical tests. Plastic containers used for the storage of blood and its components should be chosen so as to minimize the leaching of chemical constituents into the products. So the oxidizable constituents, ammonia content, acidity or alkalinity, evaporation residue, turbidity and degree of opalescence should be within the limits. Blood bags are sterilized under the temperature of 1210C and also during the time of separation of blood components, centrifugation is done within the blood bag, so sufficient strength is required, in order to analysis its mechanical test like tensile, hardness etc were done. Clarity is also an important parameter. As transparency of blood bags is as essential requirement as it enables the user to observe the unwanted happenings like coagulation of blood and blood components or growth of microorganisms in the fluid stored in. Thermal analysis of blood sheets were done by DSC. In order to find the chemical bond in PVC, DINCH and DINCH plasticizer PVC and also to find the interaction among the above FTIR is done. Gas permeability is essential so that the living cells of blood components such as red blood cells and platelets can exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, so gas permeability studies is also done. Water vapour transmission rate is also has to be with in the limit.<br />
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3.1 Chemical Test<br />
Plastic containers used for the storage of blood and its components should be chosen so as to minimize the leaching of chemical constituent into the products. So the oxidizable constituents, ammonia content, acidity or alkalinity, evaporation residue, turbidity and degree of opalescence should be within the limits.<br />
a) Residue on ignition<br />
According to the ISO standard 3826 the maximum permissible residue for plasticized PVC is 1mg/g.<br />
Sample (phr) Residue on ignition (mg/g)<br />
39 0.008<br />
40 0.003<br />
41 0.012<br />
42 0.006<br />
43 0.003<br />
44 0.007<br />
42(modified the compounding ) 0.008<br />
Table 3.1 Residue on ignition<br />
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The residues obtained in the above combinations of DINCH plasticized PVC is within the limit.<br />
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b) Determination of alkalinity<br />
After the addition of 2 drops of phenolphthalein solution, 10ml of the test fluid no red colour appeared, however, on addition of less than 0.4 ml (i.e. 0.2ml) caustic soda red coloration occur. Hence alkalinity is within the range.<br />
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c) Determination of acidity<br />
After the addition of 2 drops of phenolphthalein solution, 10ml of the test fluid no red colour appeared, however, on addition of less than 0.4 ml (i.e. 0.2) caustic soda red coloration occur .And on the addition of HCL red colour disappeared. And after the addition of 5 drops of methyl red solution, orange red colour appeared. Hence acidity is within the limit. <br />
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d) Determination of ammonia in the extract<br />
The solution prepared using the extract is not more intense yellow colour than the reference solution. Since the extract is less intense yellow colour than the reference solution the NH3 for sheets is within the limit of 0.8mg/l.<br />
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e) Determination of turbidity and degree of Opalescence of the extract<br />
The extract is slightly opalescent but not pronounced than that of reference suspension 2 (Table 3.4: reference suspension). So the test for the turbidity and opalescence is passed.<br />
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f) Evaporation residue<br />
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According to the ISO 3826 the evaporation of residue should be within the limit 5mg or 50mg/l.<br />
Sample (phr) Weight of residue for 100ml (mg/l)<br />
39 3.2mg<br />
40 3mg<br />
41 3.5mg<br />
42 3mg<br />
43 4mg<br />
44 3.5mg<br />
42 (modified the compounding ) 4mg<br />
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Table 3.2: Evaporation residue<br />
In this test all the samples shows the evaporation of residue within the limit.<br />
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g) Oxidizable constituent in the extract:<br />
The limit of oxidizable constituents in the extract is 1.5ml. Oxidizable constituents found for all the samples of different compositions are within the limit 1.5ml.<br />
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Samples(Phr) Oxidizable Constituents(ml)<br />
39 0.4<br />
40 0.3<br />
41 0.7<br />
42 0.5<br />
43 0.5<br />
44 0.7<br />
42 (modified the compounding) 0.6<br />
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h) UV absorbance<br />
According to the ISO standard 3826<br />
Samples (phr) UV absorbance in the range<br />
230nm 360nm<br />
39 0.0690 0.001<br />
40 0.087 0.001<br />
41 0.042 0.010<br />
42 0.089 0.004<br />
43 0.160 0.011<br />
44 0.185 0.012<br />
42 (modified the compounding) 0.120 0.006<br />
Table 3.4: UV absorbance<br />
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i) Leaching studies<br />
It has found that values of plasticizer leaching for each formulation is within the limit and leaching is less than that of DEHP plasticizer.<br />
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Samples(phr) Plasticizer leaching(mg/100ml)<br />
39 1.36<br />
40 1.41<br />
41 1.64<br />
42 1.79<br />
43 1.80<br />
44 1.87<br />
42(modified the compounding) .7mg (one day)<br />
Table 3.5: plasticizer leaching<br />
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j) FTIR<br />
The FTIR spectrum of PVC shows a peak at 687.7 cm -1 show C-C1 stretching vibrations. In addition to this characteristic band structure, the major feature of the PVC IR spectrum is CH2 scissors observed at 1425.5cm -1,the CH bending of the –CHC1- group at 1327.5cm-1 and 1245.5cm-1, the back bone –C-C- stretching [vCC] at 1096.4cm -1 , the CH2 rocking at 963.7cm -1 and the CH stretching of –CHC1- at 2917.2cm-1. And the IR spectrum of Di- isononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate( DINCH) shows the peaks at C=O stretching at 1729.3cm-1 ,C-O stretching of ester group at 1244.1 cm-1 and CH2 at stretching 2925.5 cm-1 and 2954.8cm-1. CH bending in cyclohexane at 1454.9cm-1 and CH2 scissoring at 991cm-1 . And from the spectrum of DINCH plasticized PVC we can analyze that there is no shift for the above peaks mentioned. So there is no chemical interaction between the plasticizer and PVC<br />
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Fig3.1: FTIR Spectrum showing PVC, DINCH plasticizer and plasticized PVC<br />
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3.2 Test for plasticizer compatibility in PVC Compounds under Humid Conditions (D 2383)<br />
This practice provides an accelerate method for determining the stability of PVC Compounds with respect to plasticizer compatibility under humid conditions the visual and tactile ratings are used for judging plasticizer compatibility and surface of sheet observed was dry hence there was no evidence on plasticizer extrudation. If there is any exudation shows the extraction of plasticizer on humid conditions.<br />
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3.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry:<br />
In differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the thermal properties of a sample are compared against a standard reference material. In DSC glass transition temperature of various compositions like 39, 40, 41,42,43,44 and 42 (modified the compounding) phr etc. were analyzed.<br />
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Fig3.2: DSC graph<br />
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The glass transition temperature decreases as the plasticizer concentration increases. When the mixture of PVC and plasticizer heated, different transitions are observed. Glass transition depends on the final temperature reached, which corresponds to the fusion and gelation process. When the highest temperature reached by the sample is high, there appears on temperature, which corresponds, to the glass transition temperature of plasticized PVC. Experiments carried out by Gomez-Ribelles et al revealed that Tg of PVC is splited into two different glass transition temperature close to one another. But only one of them is interact with PVC.<br />
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Sample Glass Transition (Tg)<br />
39 -14.75<br />
40 -19.53<br />
41 -20.65<br />
42 -21.30<br />
43 -22.69<br />
44 -24.09<br />
42(change the compounding principle) -21.06<br />
Table 3.6: Glass transition temperature<br />
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When the plasticizer is added to the PVC, the glass temperature which is able to adsorb the plasticizer diminishes, while the Tg of other phase remain the same .the extent to which DSC. According measures the plasticizer decrease the glass transition temperature to the free volume theory the addition of plasticizer to the polymer creates a free volume. The free volume is low and the molecules cannot move past each other very easily. This makes the polymer rigid and hard. When the polymer is heated to above the glass transition temperature, tg, the thermal energy and molecular vibrations create additional free volume, which allows the polymer molecules to move past each other rapidly. This has the effect of making the polymer system more flexible and rubbery. Free volume can be increased through modifying the polymer backbone, such as by adding more side chains or end groups. When small molecules such as plasticizer are added, this also lowers the TG by separating the PVC molecules, adding free volume and making the PVC soft and rubbery. Molecules of PVC can then rapidly move past each other.<br />
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3.4 Water Absorption test<br />
As per the ASTM D570 the water absorption is within the limit 0.07-0.75% for all the samples. Various polymeric materials are susceptible to water absorption during its life exposure. This may cause dimensional instability with property degradation and ultimately lead to failure. This test was to evaluate materials by exposing specimens to water for different time & temperature profiles. Testing is conducted on specimens that are submersed in water and a before & after weight change is documented. Depending on the application of the product, certain levels of moisture are accepted. The percent increase in weight of material after exposure to water under specified conditions. Water absorption can influence mechanical and length of exposure can affect the amount of water absorbed. As PVC doesn’t absorb water due to the strong interaction between Cl-H bonds. According too the free volume theory as the plasticizer is added to PVC there arise a free volume. This may be the reason of the absorption of water content.<br />
Samples (phr) Water absorption ( % )<br />
39 0.003<br />
40 0.003<br />
41 0.003<br />
42 0.005<br />
43 0.004<br />
44 0.005<br />
42(modified the compounding) 0.004<br />
Table 3.7: Water absorption test<br />
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3.5 Tensile Test:<br />
Strength refers to the ability of a structure to resist loads without failure. Failure may occur by rupture because of excessive stress or may take place owing to excessive deformation. Tensile properties include the resistance of materials to pulling or stretching forces. The amount of force required to break a material and the amount it extends before breaking are important properties. The tensile modulus is the ratio to elastic strain in tension. A high tensile modulus means that the material is rigid-more stress is required to produce a given amount of strain.<br />
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Fig 3.4: Force- Displacement curve<br />
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Samples(phr) Tensile modulus(N/mm2) Tensile strength(N/mm2) Tensile elongation (%)<br />
39 9.7 14 >300<br />
40 9.5 13.8 >300<br />
41 9.2 13.7 >300<br />
42 8.7 13 >300<br />
43 7.3 12.87 >300<br />
44 7.0 12 >300<br />
42(modified the compounding ) 8.5 13.5 >300<br />
Table 3.8: Tensile test<br />
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It shows that there is small increase in tensile modulus results that the material is rigid as the plasticizer concentration increases the tensile modulus decreases showing that its flexibility increases as the plasticizer loading increases.<br />
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3.6 Hardness test<br />
Hardness value of the sample is given in the figure. From the figure we can see that the hardness decreases with the increase of plasticizer content. This is due to the increase in flexibility and softness.PVC, has a polyhalogenated chain with chlorine atoms covalently linked to atoms of carbon, providing thus many points of dipolar interaction along its chain with give rise to strong interchain interaction and consequent rigidity of the polymeric material.<br />
Samples (phr) Hardness (Shore A)<br />
39 76<br />
40 74<br />
41 72<br />
42 70<br />
43 68<br />
44 64<br />
42(modified the compounding) 70<br />
Table 3.9: Hardness test<br />
Plasticizing additives break interchain dipole interaction providing a material with mobility and flexibility characteristics of a polymer with less interchain interaction. Plasticizers are clear, organic liquid material that are added to PVC formulation to obtain flexible products. The use of plasticizer involves the introduction of a low molecular weight substance into the structure that act as a molecular lubricant, physically separating the chains and allowing them some mobility, thus giving the flexibility. The larger the volume of the plasticizer, greater the flexibility and softness. Therefore the hardness decreases as the flexibility increases.<br />
3.7 Transparency<br />
Transparency of blood bags is as essential requirement as it enables the user to observe the unwanted happenings like coagulation of blood and blood components or growth of microorganisms in the fluid stored in. Its transparency reduces potentially life- threatening mistakes with medicines and allows healthcare workers to see immediately if a fluid is running low. The blood bag should be sufficiently transparent or have sufficient contact clarity so that during typical use, a technician, nurse, physician or other person will be able to visibly identify the contents of the bag and identify pertinent blood characteristics including quality (particularly colour) and quantity.<br />
Samples (phr) Absorbance(nm)<br />
39 .373<br />
40 .378<br />
41 .380<br />
42 .382<br />
43 .385<br />
44 .389<br />
42(modified the compounding) .384<br />
Table 3.10: Transmittance test<br />
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3.8 Water Permeability Testing<br />
The technique to measure water vapour transmission was a modification of wet cup method described by ASTM 95-96. The mass of water loss from the dish found as a function of time and the water transmission rate was calculated from the steady state region. It is expressed as cc.mm/m2 time. Water vapour transmission is a measure of how much water vapour will pass through a material per unit area per unit time.<br />
Water vapour transmission rate of the material for blood storage purpose should be minimal. Loss of water from the blood and blood components adversely affect the composition and thereby the stability of the body fluids inside the container.<br />
Sample(phr) Water vapour transmission(g/m2/day)<br />
39 0.120<br />
40 0.127<br />
41 0.140<br />
42 0.137<br />
43 0.141<br />
44 0.151<br />
42(modified the compounding) 0.140<br />
42(DEHP) 0.263<br />
Table 3.11: water vapor transmission test<br />
3.9 Gas permeability studies<br />
Gas permeability of the container used for blood and blood components are very important parameter. Gas permeability is essential so that the living cells of blood components such as red blood cells and platelets can exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. This allows for the extended viability of the living blood component and longer storage times. Gas permeability was carried at a temperature of 230C with oxygen and carbon dioxide gases<br />
Blood collected in bags containing buffered anticoagulants such as ACD (acid citrate dextrose) or CPD (citrate- phosphate dextrose). Platelet concentrates also contain glucose (dextrose) as consequences of the process by which they are collected. During the storage the platelet converts glucose to lactic acid and carbon dioxide, which lowers the PH.<br />
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Sample (phr) Gas permeability (ml/m2 per day)<br />
O2 CO2<br />
39 658 3357<br />
40 735 3367<br />
41 757 3387<br />
42 770 3423<br />
43 767 3443<br />
44 780 3467<br />
42(modified the compounding) 1250 4050<br />
Table 3.12: Gas permeability studies<br />
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Murphy and Gardner measured CO2 and O2 pressures in various PVC bags containing platelet concentration and observed that the drop in pH was greater in thicker bags the walls of the bags. The pH of storage is critical. The pH falls during the storage due to the production of lactic acid and carbon dioxide. Platelets undergo disc- to-sphere transformation as the pH falls from its initial value of 7.0; they become swollen and irreversibly damaged at pH less than 6.2. This pH change limits the duration of storage. A high pH (>7.8) is also associated with loss of viability. Oxygen is known to suppress the conversion of glucose to lactic acid. So permeability of CO2 and O2 is important. In medical field the material, which is stored for the collection and storage of body fluids, should have more CO2 produced by platelets and other cells inside the container may dissolve in the fluid cause the fluid pH to drop and which in turn decreases the pH of the fluid stored in and may damage the platelets and other cells of the fluid. It is seen that the gas permeability increases as the plasticizer loading increases.<br />
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4. CONCLUSION<br />
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After carrying out experimental study it was found that blood bags made up of PVC using DINCH plasticizer concentration 42phr (modified the compounding principle) shows experimental value within the permissible range as per the standards. The leaching value of the sample 42 phr (modified the compounding) is very less as compared to the DEHP Blood Bag. Chemical tests like determination of oxidizable constituents, determination of ammonia, determination of alkalinity, determination of acidity, determination of evaporation residue etc. shows all values within the permissible range. Physical tests like tensile strength, transparency, gas permeability values are within the permissible range.<br />
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Water absorption test shows that there is no significant change in water absorption value with change in phr of the plasticizer; all values are in permissible range.<br />
A tensile result shows that there is change in the tensile strength, with increase in the concentration of plasticizer tensile strength, but all results are in the permissible range.<br />
Gas permeability like oxygen and carbon dioxide shows all values in permissible range. From above results it is concluded that plasticizer DINCH has well- balanced technical profile and is a safe alternative for the DEHP/DOP for blood bag manufacturing.<br />
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5. REFERENCES<br />
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<br />
1) Dr CSB Nair, Director(R&D), Terumo Penpol Ltd, Trivandrum, Kerala State.Critical considerations in the Development of Blood Bags and Platelet Storage Bags, Medical Plastics Data Service 14apr02.<br />
2) Risto Kuisma University of Helsinki Department of Agro technology.Physical characterization of plastic surfaces in wearing and cleanability Research.<br />
3) Feature from Environmental Bulding News January 1,1994<br />
4) T.D Stark, H. Choi and P. W. Diebel Plasticizer retention in PVC geomembarance .<br />
5) Jung HwanKim, Seong Hun Kim, Chang hyung Lee, Jae- W Arian Hahn DEHP Migration Behaviour from Excessively Plasticized PVC Sheets, Department of Fiber & Polymer Engineering, Center for Advanced Functional Polymers, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791 Korea<br />
6) An MD&DI April 1999 Column MEDICAL PLASTICS, opportunities for PVC environmental Building News JaReplacement in Medical solution containers, new materials developed for use in flexible bags can offer significant advantages.<br />
7) Frank Welle, Gerd Wolz, Ronald Franz.2005. Migration of plasticizers from PVC tubes into enteral feeding solutions. Pharma International 3:17-25.<br />
8) J.E Crespo, R. Balart, L. Sanchez, J. Lo’pez.2007. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,104:1215-1220<br />
9) Jung Hwan Kim, Seong Hun Kim, Chang Hyung Lee, †, * Jae-Woon Nah, ‡ and Airan Hahn. DEHP Migration Behavior from Excessively Plasticized PVC Sheets.<br />
10) Di (2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE, Potential for human exposure over view.<br />
11) Piezoelectric polymers vol.3 plasticizers.<br />
12) NTP- CERHR Expert Panel Report on DI (2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE, October, 2000.<br />
13) Twinbrook Parkway Rockville, MD 20852 Safety Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) Released from PVC Medical Devices, Center for Devices and Radiological Health U.S.Food and Drug Administration 12709.<br />
14) Five Chemicals Alternatives Assessment Study, Overview for DEHP ,The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell June 2006<br />
15) Human Health Hazard Assessment Diethylhexyl Phthalate(DEHP) (CAS No.117-81-7)<br />
16) Review on Health care without harm Health alert, Vinyl IV Bags Leach Toxic Chemicals<br />
17) Review on Advanced Flexible compounds boost performance and profitability of medical Devices.<br />
18) Project abstract for Production of Blood bags as a Turnkey plant, 2007.<br />
19) Leonard G. Krauskopf, Allen Godwin, Plastcizers<br />
20) T.D Stark, H. and P.W Diabel The influence of Molecular weight on plasticizer retention,<br />
21) Opinion on Medical Devices containing DEHP plasticized PVC; Neonates and other Groups Possibly at Risk from DEHP toxicity adopted by the Scientific Committee on Medicinal products and Medical devices on 26 September 2002.<br />
22) Preliminary report on The safety of Medical devices containing DEHP plasticized PVC or other plasticizers on neonates and other groups possibly at risk, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)<br />
23) An Innovative Plasticizer for Sensitive Applications, BRIAN L. WADEY*BASF Corporation 3000 continental Drive- North Mount Olive, New Jersey 07828.<br />
24) Plasticizer molecular weight and plasticizer retention in PVC geomembranes, Timothy D. Stark, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engrg, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL,USA, Hangseok Choi, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engrg, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL,USA, Patrick W. Diebel, Canadian General- Tower ltd, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada<br />
25) J.E.Crespo, R.balart, L. Sanchez, J. Lo’pez, Received 2 December 2005; accepted 3 November 2006 DOI 10.1001/apps.25760 Published inWileyInterScience,Substitution of Di (2- ethylhexyl) Phthalate by Di (isononyl) Cyclohexane- 1,2- Dicarboxylate as a Plasticizer for industrial Vinyl Plastisol Formulation.<br />
26) USE of DEHP in PVC Medical Devices, Execuive summary.<br />
27) Container for blood and blood components, US patent 4, 670, 013, jun2, 1987.<br />
28) Storage bag, US patent 4, 516, 977, may 14, 1985.<br />
29) Public Health Goal for di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in drinking water, pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency December.<br />
30) Dr. R. Bacalogulu, Dr. M.H. Fisch, Polymer Additives, Crompton, Corp.,Tarrytown, NY,USA, DIPL. Chem.H.J.Sander*, Polymer Additives, Witco Vinyl Additives GmbH, Lampertheim,Germany<br />
31) Trends in plasticizers, new report alert, A PERP programme, April 2007<br />
32) Alternatives for significant uses of DEHP in Massachusetts, Sidney Draggan editor, Michael Ellenbecker, Elizabeth Harriman and Pamela Civie, April 22,2008.<br />
33) Robyn Thom, Thomas sun, PVC Bioplasticizer<br />
34) Dr CSB Nair, Director (R$D), Terumo Penpol Ltd,Critical Considerations in the Development of blood bags and platelet storage bags. Medical Plastic data service 14 apr 2002.<br />
35) Material for flexible medical products US Patent 6060138<br />
36) Trissel, Lawrence A. Handbook on Injectable Drugs. American society of health systems pharmacists. 10th Edition.1998.<br />
37) Developments in non phthalate plasticizers PERP07/008S4 September 2004, Report abstract<br />
38) External lubricant compositions for rigid vinyl polymers document type and number: United States Patent 5750608, New Report Alert April 2007, PERP program.<br />
39) Measurement of Water Vapour Transmission Rate in highly Permeable Films, Y.HU, 1 V. TOPOLKARAEV, 2A. HILTNER,1 E. BAER1, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Centre for Applied Polymer Research, case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202 2 Kimberly- Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wisconsin 54956 Received 6 July 2000; accepted 6 September 2000<br />
40) Container for medical use United States Patent 577296.Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-5446000798186528862010-12-08T07:46:00.001-08:002011-06-04T04:51:51.405-07:00toc<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script src="http://scriptabufarhan.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/daftarisiv2.js">
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<script src="http://www.polymerprojecttopics.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default?max-results=500&alt=json-in-script&callback=loadtoc"></script>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-81298377734731656492010-11-26T22:11:00.000-08:002010-11-25T23:11:21.820-08:00ECOFRIENDLY BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS<link href="file:///D:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><o:smarttagtype name="country-region" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><style>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Biodegradable polymers constitute a loosely defined family of polymers that are designed through the action of microorganisms. The application plurality and versatility of this class of material have gone up in multiple order in replacing wood, paper and conventional metals. Four major biodegradable polymers commercially available are:- </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Starch based polymers, poly (lactic acid), polyhydroxy alkanoates, aliphatic/aromatic co-polyesters.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Biopolymers based on starch are mainly Novon polymers and Mater-bi. These can be processed on injection moulding, blowmoulding, thermoforming etc. Lignin, another variety, is an amorphous aromatic network polymer second to cellulose in natural abundance. These can be used to replace about 35-40% of the phenol in phenol formaldehyde resin and a number of applications are there. Based on plants, polyhydroxy alkanoates is of great importance. Polyhydroxy butyrate provide tremendous versatility in terms of end use applications. As a polymer, PHB compares well with polypropylene in molecular mass, melting temperature and tensile strength. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Biodegradable eco-friendly polymers can be obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Addition of CNSL into phenol leads to decrease in tensile strength but an improvement in impact strength and electrical properties of the resol resin. Best example is Anorin 35 and 38. One of the remarkable achievements in converting cardanol into high performance polymers was the successful synthesis of liquid crystalline polymers. Biopolymers from soyabean soy protein produce fully biodegradable thermoplastic composition that can be blown into films. Bioplastics made out of cornstarch-polyester blends are already being commercialized in US and <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">By studying the causes of non-biodegradability of plastics, high molecular weight, lesser chain mobility and hydrophobicity are the main factors. Enzyme catalysed biodegradation mechanism is a two-step process carried out by mesophilic and thermophilic bacterial species. One of the advanced applications includes micro/nanospheres of biodegradable polymers for controlled release of anti-cancer drugs. Based on the information that I have found, I would say that biodegradable polymers are a reality. The effect of plastic material could be reduced to an eco-friendly level by initiating awareness programme among the end-users and processors. It is not polymers that totally replace traditional plastic, but they will certainly help relieving environmental and regulatory pressures. All things considered, total or near total use of eco-friendly biodegradable polymers is in reach within the near future. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</style><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Alex Daniel & Rajeesh.S.Nair</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-83216562080816847192010-10-27T04:31:00.000-07:002010-10-26T19:09:51.823-07:00How read sidewall<div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="image098.gif" height="46" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/2021/image098.gif" width="383" /></div><br />
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<span style="color: #ff9900;">Gen. Information___________</span><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in -0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b> The</b> main advantage of bias-ply tires is in its load carrying capabilities in relation to tire size. A smaller bias-ply tire can carry more load than a radial tire of similar size. The drawbacks are higher friction, equating to higher tire temperatures which results in faster wear. Also, the tread contact area (the area were tread meets pavement) is smaller and since the sidewall and tread area are constructed of one material, cornering affects the contact area more than on radial designed tires.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-right: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-right: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><b> The</b> advantages of radial tires include longer tread life, better steering characteristics, and less rolling resistance, which increases gas mileage. On the other hand, radials have a harder riding quality, and technologically are more complex than bias-ply tires, so they cost more to produce.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">In case of a small puncture the rate of air loss is slow as the halobutyl layer is bonded to the carcass. It seals itself like in an injection bottle. In a tube type tyre, the tube is independent of the tyre and in case of puncture, it deflate fast. The slow rate of air loss makes tubeless tyres safer.<b>A</b> special valve is used as there are no tubes.Thereare no tubes. Hence tube related problems also .Reduction in overall weight of the tyre rim assembly. Hence better fuel-efficient. (Approximately around 1%).</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-83627538778801442142010-09-17T22:11:00.000-07:002010-09-16T16:10:00.081-07:00BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 11" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 11" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///D:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">INTRODUCTION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The widespread use of synthetic polymers in technology and in every day life is an accepted feature of modern civilization .There exists one important area in which the use of synthetic polymers has generally been cautious and limited , that is field of medicine has become one of the principal challenges facing the polymer scientists .The types of synthetic polymers needed for biodmedical applications can be grouped roughly into three categories .<b> </b><i>Polymers that are sufficiently biostable to allow their long-term use in artificial organs ie , In Blood Pumps , Blood Vessel Prosthesis , Heart Valves , Skeletal Joints , Kidney Prosthesis and so on . Polymers that are bioerodable-materials that will serve a short-term purpose in the body and decompose to small molecules<b> </b></i>that can be metabolized or excreted , sometimes with the concurrent release of drug molecules . Polymers that are water soluble and that form part of plasma or whole blood substitute solutions or which function as macromolecular drugs . A polymer must fulfill certain critical requirements if it is to be used in an artificial organ .It must be physiologically inert , the polymer itself should be stable , it must be strong and resistant to impact , it should be chemically and thermally stable. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #ff6666;"> </span><b><u><span style="color: #ff6666;">CARDIOVASCULAR APPLICATIONS</span><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> <br />
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</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3366ff; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>HEART VALVES & VASCULAR PROSTHESIS:</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Polymers have been used extensively to correct cardiovascular disorders . Defective heart valves can be replaced by mechanical valves based on various designs .In one design, a ball of silicone rubber is retained inside a stainless steel cage. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">{Starr-Edwards ball-type heart valves constructed from a silicone rubber ball, a chrome-cobalt cage, and a Teflon ring for suturing to the heart tissue.}</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The silicone rubber is used because of it`s inertness, elasticity, and low capacity to cause blood clotting .Valves of this type are still being used .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> A more recent design makes use of a small, circular plates as a flap valve,with the flap made from pyrolytic carbon or poly(oxymethylene).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Another surgical practice is to implant modified(cross-linked)tissue heart valves from pigs(“porcine valves”). Devices fabricated from synthetic hydrogels may eventually replace porcine valves.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Aneurisms(balloon-like expansions of the arterial wall )can be repaired by reinforcement of the artery with a tube of woven polyester or PTFE fabric.Completely blocked arterial sections are removed and replaced by a tube of porous PTFE. The polymer is relatively noninteractive with blood from the polymer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><h1><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #3366ff;">THE ARTIFICIAL HEART:</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> <br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> For patients with irreversibly damaged heart, the functions of the damaged heart may be taken over permanently or temporarily by an artificial pump. Synthetic elastomers and rigid polymers have been used extensively for the conuction of these devices. Unfortunarely, most synthetic polymers accelerate the clotting of blood. Avoidance of the clotting process is depends on<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">the design of the pump and presence or absence of turbulence as well as on the materials used for construction.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3366ff; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">HEART PUMP DESIGNS:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The Auxiliary blood pumps to bypass or supplement the of a damaged heart until it can repair it self. Many of the booster pumps have used a rigid housing, often made of reinforcfed epoxy resin, with an internal tube of silicone rubber<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compressed air applied inside the rigid casing compresses the silicon or PU rubber inner tube which is connected to the aorta and this forces blood from the pump. Valves may be used to prevent back flow, or the compression cycle may be synchronized with the pumping motion of the heart.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> A related device is the intraaortic balloon, a 25cm*2cm polyurethane ballooninserted in to the aorta which expands as compressed helium or carbon dioxide is pulsed in or out. Other devices use hemisphere of titanium,polycarbonate,or PMMA containing a PU diaphragm . Pulses of compressed air or carbon dioxide actuate the diaphragm and cause the pumping of the blood.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The total artifical heart pumps that can completely replace the living organ.They resembles the general structure of a human heart by which are actuated by compressed gas or oil. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
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</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3366ff; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>POLYMERS FOR HEART PUMPS:</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> A wide variety of polymers such as Silicone rubber, Polyurethane rubber, Dacron polyester, Teflon, Polycarbonate, PMMA, PVC, and Pyrolytic carbon. Most of these material cause blood clotting, destruction of red cells, or alteration of the blood proteins, although some are markedly better than others.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Polyurethanes are among the most commonly used flexible biomaterials. They have excellent flexing strength. The diaphragm in a heart pump would have to withstand about 90 million flexing motions without breaking over a 10 year period. Calcification of PU membranes is a problem during long-term use.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Silicone rubber is an ideal biomaterial. Its chemical inertness is impressive, and it is soft and flexible. However, it can promote blood clotting if the blood is flowing slowly, and it can fail after continuous flexing. Another problem is the tendency of silicone rubber to absorb fats from the blood, to swell, and eventually to weaken. Fluoroalkylsiloxane polymers or polyphosphazenes may prove to be more suitable for artificial heart applications.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The ability of a synthetic polymer to initiate the clotting of blood depends on the nature of the surface (smooth surfaces are better than rough) and on the chemical and physical properties of the polymer. Because the inside lining of blood vessels is negatively charged, it has also been speculated that polymers with a surface charge might be more effective than neutral polymers</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"></o:p></span></div><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"></div><h1 style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">TISSUE ADHESIVES AND ARTIFICIAL SKIN :</span></h1><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> A group of polymers based on the poly(alpha-cyanoacrylate)structure have proved to be effective to glue tissues together. Alpha-cyanoacrylates have the general formula,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Where group R can be methyl, butyl, octyl, and so on. CN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">These monomers polymerize by an anionic mechanism |<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">in the presence of water. Higher alkyl derivatives CH<sub>2</sub>=C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">polymerize more rapidly on biological substrates and |<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">are less irritating to tissues than are the lower alkyl C=O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">derivatives . In addition to their use as skin adhesives, |<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">they have been tested as adhesives in corneal and O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">retinal surgery , and as an adjunct to suturing in |<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">internal surgery. R<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Synthetic poly(amino acid) films are used as synthetic skin to cover large burns.Velours of nylon fiber have also been tested for this use, as have films of poly(alpha-cyanoacrylates<b>).<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #ff6666;">BONES,JOINTS AND TEETH:</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #ff6666;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Bone fractures are occasionally repaired with the use of polyurethanes, epoxy resins and rapid-curing vinyl resins. Silicone rubber rods and closed-cell sponges have been used as replacement finger and wrist joints, and vinyl polymers and nylon have been investigated as replacement wrist bones or elbow joints. Further more, cellophane and more recently, silicone rubber have been used in knee joints to prevent fusion of the bones.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> In hip-joint surgery with the use of stainless steel or polyethylene ball joints attached to the femur by means of a PMMA filler and binder. Teflon fabric and silicone rubber have been used to make synthetic ligaments and tendons.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> Synthetic polymers have been utilized for the fabrication of dentures. PMMA is the principal polymer used both for acrylic teeth and for the base material. Acrylic resins are also used for dental crowns, and epoxy resins are sometimes employed to cement crowns to the tooth post. More recent work and anticipated developments include the use of polymeric coatings or paint to prevent the decay of teeth and the development of thermo or photo-setting polymers to replace silver amalgam or gold as tooth-filling materials.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
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</div><div style="color: #ff6666; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div style="color: #ff6666; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #ff6666;">CONTACT LENSES AND INTRAOCULAR LENSES:</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span> <br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Rigid polymers such as PMMA have traditionally been used for ‘hard’ contact lenses ,the modern tendency is toward flexible or ‘soft’ contact lenses. A soft contact lens is made from a lightly cross linked, water-soluble polymer. Such polymers swell in aqueous media but do not dissolve. Instead they form soft hydrogels<i> , </i>the expanded shape of which is defined at the point of cross linking.</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><i> </i><o:p></o:p></span> </div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The design of hydrogels for intraocular lenses (ie, for lenses to replace the natural lens following eye injury or removal of catatact-damaged lenses) is a special challenge since the replacement lens must be folded without damage into a small volume before insertion through a small incision into the eye.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #ff6666; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">ARTIFICIALKIDNEY AND HEMODIALYSIS MATERIALS :</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> C</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">ellophane (regenerated cellulose) has been used for semi permeable dialysis membranes in conventional kidney machines. For miniaturization of machine bundles of hollow fibers are used as a dialysis cell. In one particular development, a bundle of 2000 to 11,000 hollow fibers of modified PAN (17 cm long and 300micro meter dia:)are used. The polymer is “heparinized” to prevent blood clotting. Hollow rayon fibers or polycarbonate or cellulose acetate fibers have also been used for the same purpose.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: bold;">O</span><b><span style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: bold;">XYGEN-TRANSPORT MEMBRANES:</span></b></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
<u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: bold;"></span><o:p></o:p></b></span></u></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Surgical work on the heart frequently requires the use of a heart-lung machine to circulate and oxygenate the blood. Many of such machines make use of a membrane through which oxygen and carbon dioxide must pass. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) membranes are highly efficient gas transporters. They are made by dip-coating a Dacron or Teflon screen in a xylene dispersion of silicone rubber. When dried, a film of .075 mm or more in thickens can be obtained, and this can be incorporated into the oxygenator . silicone rubber membranes have also been tested in “artificial gills” for under water breathing.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">BIOEODABLE POLYMER</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">S</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Three medical applications exists for polymers of this type .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3366ff; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">SURGICAL SUTURES:</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
<span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Catgut used for all sutures recently is relatively inert and post operative procedure were usually necessary for the removal of the suture after the normal 15-days healing of the tissue. A replacement for catgut is synthetic poly(glycolic acid) or condensation copolymers of glycolic acid with lactic acid. Poly(glycolic acid) has a high tensil strength and is compatible with human tissue. However, it differs from catgut in being totally absorbable by many parients within 15 days, thus removing the need for a suture-removal operation. The polymer degrades by hydrolysis to nontoxic glycolic acid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3366ff; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3366ff; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">TISSUE INGROWTH POLYMERS :</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
<span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Polymers like polyurethans degrade slowly as they are colonized and replaced by living cells of the host. They are clear advantages to the use of biomaterials of this type, since the long-range biocompatibility problems become less important. Polyanhydrides have the right properties to be utilized in this way. A group of amino acid ester-substituted polyphosphazenes, such as, NHCH2COOC2H5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> |<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> -(N=P)-n<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> |<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> NHCH2COOC2H5<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Which degrades slowly to amino acid, phosphate, and ethanol, which are metabolized, and traces of ammonia , which are exerted.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3366ff; margin-left: 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">CONTROLLED RELEASE OF DRUGS:</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
<span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Three approaches are there to use polymers to effect a slow release of drugs. They are,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3366ff; margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">(1) Diffusion-controlling Membranes Or Matrices:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Many chemotherapeutic drugs are relatively small molecules that can diffuse slowly through polymer membranes. Thus, if an aqueous solution of a drug is enclosed by a polymer membrane, the drug will escape through the membrane at a rate that can be controlled by membrane thickness and composition. A device that employs this principle is in use for the slow controlled release of the antiglaucoma drug, pilocarpine, from a polymer capsule placed beneath the eyelid. <br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The same principle applies if a film, rod or bead of a of polymer is impregnated with a drug and it is then implanted in the body at a site where the drug can have the maximum beneficial effect.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> One important medical advantage in controlled-release devices of this kind is that the drug delivery system can be removed at any time when the therapy is no longer needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #3366ff;">(2) Solid Biodegradable Matrices:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">An excellent way to achieve the slow, controlled release of a drug from a solid matrix is to use a biodegradable polymer as the matrix. As the polymer degrades slowly (usually by hydrolysis), the chemotherapeutic molecules are released. An important requirement is that the hydrolysis products from the polymer should be nontoxic and readily excreted. A second requirement is that rate of release should follow a predetermined protocol. For example for treatment of some diseases a burst of drug in high local concentration might be followed by no release, with the cycle repeated at precise intervals. Alternatively (and more usually ),a so called “Zero Order” protocol may be preferred in which the rate of release of the drug remains constant over a period of days, weeks or months. These requirements provides many opportunities for ingenuity in both the design of the matrix polymer and shape of the device.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> A number of polymers, polyglycolic acid , poly(amino acid ester phosphazenes) such as polyphosphazenes with imidazolyl sugar or glyceryl residues as side groups, and aliphatic polyanhydrides are all of interest for this application.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> <br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #3366ff;">(3)Water Soluble Polymer Bound Drugs:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Water soluble biodegradable polymers are of interest for two types of applications. First , water soluble polymers that are bound to drug molecules could bring about a marked improvement in the behavior of most pharmaceuticals. Second there is the prospect that such polymers can be used in synthetic blood substitutes as viscosity enhancers or as oxygen transport macromolecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Water soluble polymers diffuse only slowly through the tissues and more over, will not be excreted as rapidly as small molecules because macromolecules can not normally pass through semi permeable membranes. Thus a polymer bound drug should offer considerable advantages over a small molecule drug.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Three possibilities exist , (1) The drug could be linked to a relatively stable molecule, in which case the activity of the drug and its entry in to the cell may be modified by the presence of the polymer . (2) If the polymer degrades in the body and concurrently release the drug, the chemotherapeutic activity of the drug will be unchanged. (3) The water soluble polymer itself is bioactive. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> It will be clear that the design and synthesis of polymers that have the correct water solubility, lack of toxicity and an appropriate rate of hydrolytic decomposition at body temperature is one of the most demanding challenges faced by the polymer chemists.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #ff6666;">POLYMERIC BLOOD SUBSTITUTES:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #ff6666;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Synthetic polymers have been investigated for use in plasma substitutes and as volume expanders to reduce the amount of whole blood needed, for example during the use of a heart- lung machine. Furthermore, the transmission of hepatitis and other diseases through the use of pooled plasma provides a continuing incentive for the development of a synthetic substitute for this fluid. Poly(Vinyl Pyrolidone) was used extensively as a colloidal plasma substitute for the treatment of casualties. Its disadvantages for this applications are connected with its poor biodegradability. Hence, there is a serious need for the development of a water soluble polymer that is nontoxic and biodegradable. Some water soluble Poly Phosphazenes may be of value for this application. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><h2><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></h2><h2 style="color: #3366ff; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></h2><h2 style="color: #3366ff; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></h2><h2 style="color: #3366ff; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">CONCLUSION</span></h2><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The pace of revolutionary discoveries now in synthetic Polymers applied for biomedicine is expected to accelerate in the next decade worldwide. This will have a profound impact on existing materials and emerging technologies. A decade ago the application of synthetic polymers in biomedicine was only a concept with great potential. Today it is a reality and tomorrow it will flourish<b>.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><h2><br />
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<h2><span style="font-family: Arial;">BIBILIOGRAPHY <br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Contemporary Polymer Chemistry-H.R.Allcock & F.W.Lampe.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Biologically Active Synthetic Polymers-D.S.Breslow.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Polymeric Drugs-H.G.Batz.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Chemistry And Properties Of The Medical-Grade Silicones-S.A.Braley.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-69946323103347370352010-09-10T17:29:00.000-07:002010-09-10T17:29:52.254-07:00“PROCESS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NR/POLYBUTADIENE BASED SUB TREAD (BASE) COMPOUND IN HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLE TYRES”<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://www.blogger.comhttp://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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<div> </div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-style: normal;">Project report<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></h4><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">On</span></span></h4><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div class="Style1" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div class="MsoHeading7" style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">“PROCESS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NR/POLYBUTADIENE BASED SUB TREAD (BASE) COMPOUND IN HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLE TYRES”</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt;">CONTENTS</span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt;"><br />
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</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PREFACE</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.65in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">What is pneumatic tyre?</span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.65in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Historical development</span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.65in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Basic tyre performance</span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.65in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Classification of tyres </span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.65in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Parts of pneumatic tyre</span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.65in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Types of tyre</span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.65in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Construction</span></i></b></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SCOPE OF STUDY</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">METHOD OF APPROACH AND EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">THEORY</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PROJECT AND FORMULATIONS</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">EXPERIMENT</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>VIII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>IX.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS </span></b></span></div><h5 style="text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>X.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">FUTURE STUDY PROPOSED</span></b></span></h5><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>XI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">REFERENCE</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 18.7pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt;">PREFACE</span></u></b></div><div class="ss" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Q</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">uality </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">roductivity and </span><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">C</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ost are the three most important<span style="color: red;"> </span>keys of survival and success of any modern industry and rubber product is no exception. More often than not, quality and productivity are pitted against each other with conflicting interest. The challenge before a rubber technologist is to strike a balance by making sensible compromises which allows attainment of satisfactory levels on both Quality and Productivity at minimum Cost through the process of optimization.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Quality is the transient phenomenon and its benchmark value is ever on the ascending ladder. The quality of a tyre industry is quantified in terms of its performance, and the ability of a tyre company to give quality tyres is judged by the consistency, with which their tyres meet or exceed the expected performance.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Tyre technology is a vast complex combination of science technology/engineering and art, bringing together a variety of disciplines. The science of tyres involves knowledge in the area of composite structures and geometry. These concepts have been used to derive mathematical models of tyre mechanics.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Tire chemistry and technology of compact materials involves areas of specialty such as tyre reinforcing systems, adhesive theories and applications and rubber and material technology. The properties of these materials and their relationship determine the integrity of the tyre. The construction and composite configuration must be designed to fulfill dynamic tyre performance requirements.</span></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoHeading8"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION</span></div><div class="MsoHeading8"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0.75pt 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><b><i><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">What is a pneumatic tyre</span></u></i></b><i><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">?<span> </span></span></u></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0.75pt 0.0001pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBlockText" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b>T</b>he Indian Tyre Technical Advisory Committee (ITTAC) defines tyre as an annular toroidal shaped inflatable envelope made of an elastic material, natural or synthetic or a blend there of, reinforced with textile-cord-ply-fabric carcass enclosing bead rings.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0.75pt 0.0001pt 68.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Geometrically it is torus </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0.75pt 0.0001pt 68.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Mechanically it is a pressure container </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0.75pt 0.0001pt 68.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Chemically it is a material from long chain macromolecules of same or<span> </span>different type of elastomers. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0.75pt 0.0001pt 68.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Structurally it is a composite</span></span></div><div class="MsoHeader"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Historical Developments and Importance of Pneumatic tyre </span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">P</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">neumatic tyre is the most versatile and probably the first engineering product made out of polymer and has made it possible the evolution of sophisticated personalized land transportation system. Tyre industry is the world’s second largest industry via, road transport industry employing the largest man power. Without the pneumatic tyre, development of motor vehicle transport would not have been possible.<span> </span>More than 40% of world’s rubber production finds application in pneumatic tyres. Tyre is the most important component of any vehicle and it establishes the only contact between vehicle and the road.<span> </span>The performance of the vehicle is largely dependent on the capability of tyre</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</span></span></u></h1><h1 align="left" style="text-align: left;"><i><u><span>Basic tyre requirements </span></u></i></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">here are certain basic requirements, which are found to be essentially the same for all type of pneumatic tyres.<span> </span>Even though their relative importance differs with each type, there are some other features:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">1) <u>Cushion the vehicle ride: </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">A pneumatic tyre is the first line of defense against road shocks and its unique property of cushioning provide comfort.<span> </span>Cushioning is imparted by the air and the ability of the tyre membrane to deform radially. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">2) <u>To carry the load:</u> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">A pneumatic tyre must carry the load when mounted on a rim and inflated to the required pressure.<span> </span>In other words, pneumatic tyre must form an air container of adequate strength disposed in the radial direction to hold the air pressure acting radially.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">3) <u>To transmit steering response:</u> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The tyre is required to transmit driving torque and breaking torque efficiently to the ground to put the vehicle in motion.<span> </span>Good tyre to road grip coupled with adequate strength disposed in the circumferential direction underneath the tread of the tyre is required for efficient transporting.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">4) <u>Develop adequate cornering force & directional stability:</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">It is the unique ability of a pneumatic tyre to develop adequate cornering force to counter the centrifugal force or any other lateral forces like wind force, and retain the vehicle on the road while negotiating curves etc. That enabled the development of road transport industry.<span> </span>Excellent grip combined with its ability to undergo lateral deformation helps the pneumatic tyre to develop cornering force.<span> </span>The self-aligning torque, i.e. Product of cornering force and pneumatic trail, is responsible for directional stability.<span> </span>This self-aligning torque brings the tyre to original position and prevents the skidding away when the vehicle is taking a curve.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">5) <u>Economic performance:</u> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Every revolution of the tyre leads to periodic strain radially, circumferentially and laterally.<span> </span>This necessitates adequate flex fatigue life for the material and structure and wear resistance for economic service life. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">6) Specific tyre requirements </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">It depends on the particular application</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Directional Stability </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Impact Resistance </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Run Flat Resistance </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Weather Resistance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Mileage </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Crack Resistance </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Grip in Loose Soil </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Rolling Resistance </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Speed Capabilities </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Puncture Resistance </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Re treadability </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Low Cost </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>•<span> </span>Floatation </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The pneumatic tyre carries the vertical load and deforms vertically to cushion the ride i.e., X-direction transmits the traction and breaking force and the Y-direction get the vehicle in motion and develop cornering force. And it transmits steering torque in the lateral direction for vehicle control i.e., in Z- direction.<span> </span>It has to perform in all the 3 directions simultaneously and efficiently without compromising each other.<span> </span>So the tyre is the only engineering product so far developed has a 3 directional heavy-duty performance capability.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1 align="left" style="text-align: left;"><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Classification of tyres</span></u><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;">:</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>T</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">yres can be classified according to their construction, application and the nature of air container. They are:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading7"><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">I)</span> </u><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Based on construction:</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">a) <u>Bias tyre: </u></span></b></div><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span></span></span></u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"></span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>A</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> bias tyre has a carcass which is made up of fabric cords as the reinforcement crossed over each other at an angle of 35-40 to the tread centre line.<span> </span>The number of such crossed layer called plies is a function tire’s load carrying capacity and related to the inflation pressure.<span> </span>The diameter of the individual ply depends upon the yield strength of the cord material and ultimate strength demand of the tires.<span> </span>The layers of crossed cords in the carcass of this tyre form a strong and interlocking net to resist the impact and load.<span> </span>This may or may not be included with breaker reinforcement between carcass plies and tread to improve directional stability.<span> </span>A bias construction is continuous in its carcass structure from bead to bead. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiImxLjacTesSNNuMr_qxLXpRxiL6YXyj1cGHPJ_N1z6X7zfd_O8BzeI0Sz4KloPrhlXbNSrVYc0skphWtsthcII6W-h2_L9QceoxNLfa6Lnnyea6BUmLJHiB99nnN8VzyTn2uY6zfJKNA/s1600/b.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiImxLjacTesSNNuMr_qxLXpRxiL6YXyj1cGHPJ_N1z6X7zfd_O8BzeI0Sz4KloPrhlXbNSrVYc0skphWtsthcII6W-h2_L9QceoxNLfa6Lnnyea6BUmLJHiB99nnN8VzyTn2uY6zfJKNA/s320/b.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">b)<u> Radial tyres </u></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">A</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> radial tyre consists of a radial carcass and a stabilizing belt underneath the tread.<span> </span>Radial carcass consists of reinforcement layer of fabric cords running from one bead to another at 90° to the tread centerline and is designed to hold the air pressure.<span> </span>The stabilizing belt consist of reinforcement layer of high modulus fabric cords running circumferentially around the carcass at an angle of 18-22° to the tread centerline beneath the tread and designed to transmit driving, breaking and cornering torque.<span> </span>The function of tread and the side wall are separated to a great extent such that major short comings of bias construction are eliminated.<span> </span>This construction requires greater number of components than bias tyre and very precise placement of component is necessary.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRekFStBvETfXoup5-BSIPOfjI2sPEd9BSNlsPJiYBIaKnMf8JVGLNoQ0F83PbmGQzQrLAwTIReDEEzJrGN0zkacVmBs2Lrx5xPuPnj2PsH8ZN0BSrR8D9DKpbuIulwVRzTirVt0VE7v0/s1600/c.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRekFStBvETfXoup5-BSIPOfjI2sPEd9BSNlsPJiYBIaKnMf8JVGLNoQ0F83PbmGQzQrLAwTIReDEEzJrGN0zkacVmBs2Lrx5xPuPnj2PsH8ZN0BSrR8D9DKpbuIulwVRzTirVt0VE7v0/s320/c.bmp" /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">c) <u>Bias belted tyres </u></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">his design combines a bias construction carcass with multiple ply cord belt.<span> </span>The resultant tyre retains much of the road stability of the conventional tyre and also provides considerably increased mileage by reduction of squirm against the road surface.<span> </span>This tyre can be handled throughout manufacturing on existing equipment built for the production of bias tyre.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXQ2-A4XWgCojeRut14rh9tiDbrXzigDxT3vMkdtkzG3D79NNK1PcEdVHoWU6wB6BoMtlLkekTsPStLTS09M0gdmSIxaLS2q2HGd9t7de0fH4GBzsrkc0cs3eerCvksfn-9XASDr7ODGM/s1600/d.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXQ2-A4XWgCojeRut14rh9tiDbrXzigDxT3vMkdtkzG3D79NNK1PcEdVHoWU6wB6BoMtlLkekTsPStLTS09M0gdmSIxaLS2q2HGd9t7de0fH4GBzsrkc0cs3eerCvksfn-9XASDr7ODGM/s320/d.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoCaption"><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">II) Tube type & tubeless type </span></u></div><div class="MsoCaption"><br />
</div><div class="MsoCaption"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ube type tire which are popular in India contains a separate air inflatable inner tube for the purpose of inflating the tire.<span> </span>In tubeless tyre the tube is absent and the function of the tube is performed by a layer of halo butyl rubber.<span> </span>The rim profile has to be changed to get a perfect seal between the rim and tyre.<span> </span>The comprehensive seal between the tyre bead and the rim is obtained by the incorporation of a compressive fit of rubber layer underneath the strengthened bead wire coil which force the profiled bead up an annular seat inclined at between 50 and 150 on the rim.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;">Components of tyre:</span></u></h4><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">yre</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> is made of a large number of components, which are being assembled during tyre manufacturing. Each component has its own functions in the performance of tyre. The main components of a tyre and their functions are briefly explained below.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">1) Drum squeegee</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">D</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">rum squeegee is applied as the innermost layer of the plies above the drum.<span> </span>It protects the tube from the ply cord and also protects the carcass from moisture.<span> </span>They are made of very high green strength compound.<span> </span>In tubeless tyres they have the function of maintaining air inside portion between rim and tyre.<span> </span>So they should have very good air impermeability also</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">2) Plies </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">C</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">arcass plies that gives the tyre strength to hold the air inside it.<span> </span>The plies can be considered as a skeleton for rubber exterior.<span> </span>Each ply consists of a layer of tire cord with a carefully chosen diameter, processed to a closely controlled number of cords per inch, coated precisely with rubber so that each cord is completely insulated by rubber from its neighbors, and cut crosswise at a very precise angle. Each ply is laid into a building drum at an exact angle in relation to the drum axis and other plies.<span> </span>In the case of a bias tyre, the cords are arranged at an angel of 35-40 and radial it is 88-90.<span> </span>The behavior of the plies under the stress and under other imposed forces such as vehicle load, determines the final property of the tyre.<span> </span>At the same time, the casing has to be capable of enduring deformation radially, laterally and circumferentially in order to accommodate forces involved in rolling, bouncing, steering, cornering and breaking.<span> </span>There are two types of plies used in carcass inner ply and outer plies.<span> </span>The EPI of outer will be less than that of inner ply to obtain a gradual reduction in modulus from inner surface to the tread area. The fabric is dipped with an adhesive before calendaring and is skim coated with rubber for getting a total thickness 1.00- 1.30 mm by using a calender.<span> </span>Nowadays steel wires also are used as the ply material. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">3) Ply squeegee & gum strip </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">T</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">he coating of rubber on plies is to absorb shear strain between the plies and to prevent the internal abrasion between the cords.<span> </span>More over the increasing in diameter from green tyre to cured tyre will results in high stretch at the centre.<span> </span>This will necessitate higher rubber gauge at the centre.<span> </span>The thickness of the outer ply squeegee and breaker should be high.<span> </span>This is to compensate for high lift at the centre portion of the tyre and to absorb the higher shear strain on the outer layer during the curing process.<span> </span>The squeegee is applied at the centre portion of the ply.<span> </span>In the heavy duty tires, turned up plies ends in squeegee.<span> </span>It may cause concentrated shear and flex or hinging in the junction with resultant rapid and localized heat build up.<span> </span>So, care must be taken to make these stocks completely compatible with surrounding components.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">4) Breaker </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The purpose of b</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">reaker is to raise the modulus of the tread area, thereby maintaining the inflated tyre tread profile and reducing the tread pattern movement as it contact with road.<span> </span>In a bias tyre construction, rubberized textile identical to that of plies is used as breaker.<span> </span>The angle of breaker cords is about 45° with the axis of the tyre.<span> </span>EPI of the breaker is always less than that of inner and outer plies.<span> </span>Two strips are slightly off set to achieve a graduated step down of stresses at the edges to minimize the stress concentration.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The breaker is a blanket of one or more layers of cord or wire and rubber built in to the tyre between the outer ply and the tread. Generally it covers laterally the width of the tread contact on the road and serves to absorb and distribute impact shocks over a broad area of carcass plies and reduces punctures and ply breaks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">5) Chafer </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1in;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">he chafer is a narrow circumferential strip of material which encloses the bead area.<span> </span>It starts slightly above the rim flange height and extend downwards and round the bead base.<span> </span>It provides some protection from the rim chafing to the carcass.<span> </span>The component is made up of square woven fabric, which is skim coated with rubber and cut at an angle of 45°.<span> </span>In the case of tubeless tires, it serves to prevent air leakage through the bead area.<span> </span>In this the chafer should be an asymmetrically coated fabric.<span> </span>In some of heavy truck tires multiple layers are required to provide adequate protection.<span> </span>Another important function of chafer is to prevent the damages by the tools used for mounting and demounting of tires.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">6) Bead </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1in;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">B</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ead consists of fairly stiff hoop of strong wire embedded in rubber serving to prevent the tyre from stretching and leaving the wheel rim and also an anchorage to the layer of carcass cords. Bead enables the transmission of traction and braking force between rim flange and tyre.<span> </span>The bead bundle is constructed by winding a flat tape containing several numbers of bronze coated steel wires with a predetermined number of turns to achieve the desired strength.<span> </span>The number of beads and number of turns and stands are decided based on the bead safety factor.<span> </span>The bead wires are coated with a rubber compound by means of a T- head extruder.<span> </span>The compound is always a fast curing compound with a very high modulus to match with steel.<span> </span>It has a very good adhesion property.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">7) Bead apex </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1in;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">A</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> triangular shaped continuous rubber profile is applied the top face of the bead is called bead apex.<span> </span>The main purpose of this component is to fill the gap above the bead bundle during the ply turn up; it also helps the smooth build up of tension from bead bundle to the tyre carcass during the service by providing a steady gradation of thickness.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">8) Bead flipper </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1in;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">B</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ead flipper used to pack the filled bead.<span> </span>By flipping, a good consolidation is achieved between bead bundle and filler so as to prevent the movement of bead unit at the time of bead stitching. It also gives good adhesion between the carcass and bead.<span> </span>This flipper is made with a bias cut fabric. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b>9) Tread </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 0.7pt; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">read is the wearing surface of the tyre.<span> </span>In cross section, it is substantially rectangular across the centre portion and tapering down to the very fine edges.<span> </span>The thickness must be calculated to accommodate the pattern fragmentation in the tyre mould and to allow an adequate residual thickness beneath the pattern groove.<span> </span>The tread region extends to a position slightly above the maximum flux zone in the upper sidewall region.<span> </span>The main properties of the tread are abrasion resistance and heat build up which are contradictory to each other. So in truck tyre, tread are extruded as two components – cap with high abrasion resistance and base with low heat build up.<span> </span>A thin layer of cushion compound is adhered to its bottom for getting good tackiness. The treads are provided with some patterns to improve the traction and driving comfort.<span> </span>They are three types of patterns; rib, lug & semi lug.<span> </span>Rib design is oriented in circumferential direction and possesses characteristics to provide good service for all wheel position.<span> </span>It is best for lateral traction.<span> </span>Hence it is used in front tires.<span> </span>The lug pattern which is best for forward traction is used in rear tires.<span> </span>Semi lug is a combination of both; it is designed for the application in poor road condition such as muddy roads</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 0.7pt; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 0.7pt; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">10) Side wall </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1in;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">S</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ide wall is an extruded rubber component which serves to protect carcass structure from weathering and chafing damage together with tread which overlap in the buttress region to form the outer most layer of the tyre.<span> </span>It controls the ride and supports the tyre.<span> </span>The gauge of the sidewall is an important factor determining the heat build up.<span> </span>In buttress region heat developed is more.<span> </span>Shoulder region provided with deep radial groove for cooling.<span> </span>All the tyre information’s are carried on the side wall region.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">AN OVERVIEW OF TYRE SERVICE FAILURES</span></u></div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>During the service life of a tyre, it undergoes millions of cyclic flexing under varied service conditions like, over loading, over/under inflation pressures, hilly and uneven terrains and at very high speeds. Customers because of the increased operating cost, which is largely contributed by fuel and tyre prices, dictate always an increased performance level from tyres. The immediate consequence of this ‘cost in balance’ is an increased abuse of tyre. This is by way of over loading or high speeds or even inadequate mechanical maintenance of vehicle. The net effect of all these negative factors is higher rate of tyre failures.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The<span style="color: red;"> </span>tyre failures can be broadly classified as due to:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Design related</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Manufacturing related and</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tyre</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> service related.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The three major failures, contribute for almost 80 % of tyre failures, they are;</span></div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tread shoulder separation</span></span></div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Turn up separation </span></span></div><div class="MsoHeading8" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">c)<span> </span>Bead failure</span> </div><div class="MsoHeading9" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading9" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading9" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Tread shoulder separation<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The major reasons for this failure are over or under inflation, over loads and high speeds over bad roads, etc. This can aggravate when there is an anomaly from assembling tyre in the form of excess splice, higher rubber mass or even an incipient air trapped during splicing of treads during tyre assembling. It results in rubber getting overheated and cord at shoulder area looses their stiffness properties and breaking away from tread shoulder. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">b) Turn up separation</span></u></b></div><div class="ss" style="margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ss" style="margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ss" style="margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">It is a separation or failures at the ply turn up ends. This failure is often reported from the markets where tyres are exposed to higher pay loads over and above the recommended levels. The distribution of tyre cord loads in this region is very important. The cord force pattern and peak-peak forces in a deformation cycle are greatly influenced by the method of construction and the turn up heights followed for each construction. The cyclic energy dissipation, tyre pressures distribution in the foot print area, etc. affect the cord-load distribution in the turn up region and non-uniformities will direct towards excessive inter laminar shear strain between the turn ups. More over the increased temperature causes the cord-rubber linkages to break and thus turn up failures occur. </span></div><div class="MsoHeading9" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading9" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading9" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading9" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Bead failure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">When tyre is designed with adequate bead strength, a failure at bead area or damage of bead in tyre service is mostly due to wrong application or improper care of tyres. This defect is normally occurring in the heavy overload application and some time related to fitting of tyre on rims or poor mechanical condition of rims. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://www.blogger.comhttp://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt;"><span> </span><u>SCOPE OF STUDY</u></span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The main objective of the work was to design a NR/Poly Butadiene blend sub tread (base) compound for truck tyre application and validate the same in the tyre manufacturing process, including its indoor endurance evaluation in truck tyres by testing on a testing wheel. The challenging part of the work is meeting (or exceeding) the present level of performance, without compromising the overall durability of the tyre. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The sub tread or the tread base is the component of the tyre that lies just between the tread cap and the cushion. Its function is mainly to absorb heat, from the cap tread compound and the carcass composite that is generated during the running of the tyre. The most desirable properties of the tread base are:</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Low heat build up (low hysterisis)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Flex crack resistance</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Maximum heat stability (minimum degradation)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Low cut growth.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Reason for the study:</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Natural rubber is the most balanced general purpose rubber for such performance requirements, because Natural rubber has a very low heat build up property, and also meets the other specified needs of a tread base compound with appropriate compounding.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Due to the increased demand of Natural rubber (largely due to increased production of truck radial globally and higher percentage of Natural rubber used there of) there is a large gap between demand and supply. Due to its scarcity, industries are forced to explore more flexible and compatible technology utilizing total available rubber including other general purpose synthetic rubbers. The two obvious synthetic rubber choices are Polybutadiene rubber and Styrene butadiene rubber. Polybutadiene rubber is selected for this study as it has the following desirable properties:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Good abrasion resistance</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Low heat build up</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Good heat and weather resistance.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.75pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Compounding flexibility/scope</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>When sufficient quantity of Poly Butadiene is made available, a NR/Poly Butadiene blend in truck tyre sub tread, against conventional 100% NR based compound can substantially reduce total NR consumption in tyres. This would help conserving costly and scarce Natural Rubber partially and solve the problems of tyre industry to some extent, hence this study.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">THE CHALLENGE:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.35pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>Among the commercial vehicle tyres manufactured and sold in India, truck <span> </span>tyres are of higher demand an importance. This is because these tyres are subjected to severe running conditions. These heavy duty tyres are therefore worn out more quickly and therefore reducing the tyre mileage. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>Another reason for tyre failure is the loading conditions in India. In India a truck tyre is loaded with a loading condition which is more than what a tyre can withstand. Here the trucks are load to such extend to decrease the transportation cost which eventually lead to severe tyre failure. Therefore the compound developed in the study should also have good dynamic load bearing capability.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The study therefore needs to focus on service conditions of tyre and design a suitable formulation, which can render better,</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tear resistance</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Cut growth resistance</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tensile properties</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Modulus</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Elongation and</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Low heat build up properties. </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Besides with above desirable properties, developed compound should have rate of vulcanization (cure rate) matching to the established cure cycles of tyres.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The positive result of the study will be a boon to the customers and the industry.</span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">METHOD OF APPROACH</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Eight formulations are tentatively fixed. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Four formulations are selected initially for optimisation of cure system, along with matching physical properties.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Cure system is optimised along with matching physical properties.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Optimised cure system is employed in all eight formulations.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Full evaluation of all eight formulations is done after compounding and mixing is done in shop floor Banbury mixer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Based on the evaluation results, two compounds are selected for tyre making.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">The selected two compounds are used for tread extrusion and tyres are made</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -35.3pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">The build tyres are cured and given for indoor tyre testing and for further field evaluation.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Un aged physical testing.</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 300%;"></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tensile testing.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tear testing.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Aged physical testing.</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tensile testing.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tear testing.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Demattia cut growth test.</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Dynamic Mechanical Analysis.</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Heat build up analysis.</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Rebound resilience.</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Crosslink density.</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v </span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Dispersion. </span></u></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">THEORY</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Tread is the part of the tyre that comes in contact with the road, the tread should have the following properties</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Good abrasion resistance</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Good traction</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Good steer ability and</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Low rolling resistance.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">The tread consists of three different parts viz,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">The Cap portion</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">The base or the sub tread and</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">The cushion.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtuaozdOYKGZVkYWeXKFbt0oCLnMBkaSKZpE-2OurThJOPKjZKvTwq_E2Ey24ixOn-cuMTCPk6SGqxCLY9W7_jaoBEF7JVVbNJrK-7RPYxv8byOZpVrVPMksxqpLLppyfvqAEDvjz5IL8/s1600/e.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtuaozdOYKGZVkYWeXKFbt0oCLnMBkaSKZpE-2OurThJOPKjZKvTwq_E2Ey24ixOn-cuMTCPk6SGqxCLY9W7_jaoBEF7JVVbNJrK-7RPYxv8byOZpVrVPMksxqpLLppyfvqAEDvjz5IL8/s320/e.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">The cap portion</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> is the part which comes in contact with the road surface, its main function is to provide good traction and also good abrasion resistance.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span><b><u>The base</u></b> or the sub tread is to provide a cooler running, basically it acts a coolant. Heat generated from the cap is hindered by the base to flow to the carcass area. The heat is generated both from the outer cap region and also from the inner carcass area, during the service of a tyre. This heat if accumulated can lead to defects like:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tread shoulder separation</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">Circumferential cracking at shoulder buttress area.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>The base is a critical component in curing also. The base occupies the thickest part of the tyre structure, extending from the shoulder to the inner ply region. Since the base is situated in the innermost part of the tyre structure, curing of this part is very critical. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>The heat supplied from both the outer dome jacket as well as the bladder (in curing press) must be sufficient enough to cure the base. So when the base is cured it can be assumed that the tyre is cured. So the cure cycle of a tyre is designed in such a way that the base is cured at least 15-25% of optimum cure when tyre is removed from vulcanizing press (ensuring that it is exceed the ‘blow point’)<span style="color: red;">.</span> So in a way we can say that once the base is cured, the other part of tyre is also cured.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>The base compound must have good heat stability also. It should be able to withstand high temperatures without degradation. The cure system is designed in such a way so as to avoid reversion and to maintain a plateau type rheo curve. Large amounts of antioxidants are needed to avoid degradation due to heating of the base and to improve heat stability. Over heating of the base compound can result in separation at tread shoulder area there by leading to premature tyre failures. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b><u>The cushion</u></b> compound is made purely of Natural rubber; its function is to provide a cushioning effect and to give a good adhesion between the tread and the carcass. The cushion is usually a thin layer of rubber compound stitched to the bottom of the tread by stitcher rolls during tread extrusion.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">PROJECT AND FORMULATIONS </span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>The compounds are designed with different levels of Polybutadiene, Carbon and process oil loadings. There are two base levels of Polybutadiene loadings, four levels of carbon loadings and four levels of process oil loadings as shown below.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlvEBdGNIrnBDPNyOFHeyPqX5BKIfV5cdQnz-wHWZzgY4TzaIfXqPylGaiz7jSaC_elvJdsMElkasrauxmwJoRSpD9DSOC3d9-lrcciZ8zxe9odjSkayY1lPYJkMIy9NMX9hdlpc16Er0/s1600/f.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlvEBdGNIrnBDPNyOFHeyPqX5BKIfV5cdQnz-wHWZzgY4TzaIfXqPylGaiz7jSaC_elvJdsMElkasrauxmwJoRSpD9DSOC3d9-lrcciZ8zxe9odjSkayY1lPYJkMIy9NMX9hdlpc16Er0/s400/f.bmp" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Based on this, eight formulations are evolved<span style="color: red;"> </span>and are evaluated, namely <b>A, B, C, D, E, F, G, </b>and<b> H</b> along with a control compound (<b>R</b>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG94WsB9oxHA-tnQhG4B8ge7IXQt2PhXDTS83OqikmQzh-VJlMcQ1eS6rzUcsjLbRV5I9XJxophDwYdTDLSVkScESHsXlWzS0A5GtIuomI9VwlKFC4CnEwURMNavWt4fE1_cZC0nb4t7w/s1600/i.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG94WsB9oxHA-tnQhG4B8ge7IXQt2PhXDTS83OqikmQzh-VJlMcQ1eS6rzUcsjLbRV5I9XJxophDwYdTDLSVkScESHsXlWzS0A5GtIuomI9VwlKFC4CnEwURMNavWt4fE1_cZC0nb4t7w/s400/i.bmp" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;">The cure system of the above eight formulations are to be optimised, in the formulation. Since TC 15 (15 % cure time) values for each compounds is critical with respect to vulcanization new formulation to be fine tuned to meet this value in order to run in the same cure cycle. TC 15 is defined as the minimum cure time required restricting the rubber flow inside the mould cavity. It is also called the blow point. It is also defined as the time to obtain 15% of the maximum torque value in the rheo curve. For this, four formulations are selected first, viz <b>A, D, E </b>and<b> H </b>along with the control compound <b>R</b>.<b> </b>So the initial step is to prepare the master batch for these five compounds.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Mixing:</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The mixing of the master batch is carried out in F270 Banbury with fill factor 0.75, following the standard mixing conditions and mixing sequence. </span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifkrDdOws3KdekLf4a-aGJkgpyL_iFMBvijA9h47j9eXeK046B8uMO0JFodhxZyLWkmMQj_1p-v-TdOqyy6vrBVsNaE29SFoalrqMfZexMKJMmcdNMAA3TA89Stz4SQ9yCNqCkriFzGuk/s1600/j.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifkrDdOws3KdekLf4a-aGJkgpyL_iFMBvijA9h47j9eXeK046B8uMO0JFodhxZyLWkmMQj_1p-v-TdOqyy6vrBVsNaE29SFoalrqMfZexMKJMmcdNMAA3TA89Stz4SQ9yCNqCkriFzGuk/s320/j.bmp" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The master batches are mixed in the shop floor Banburry. The batches are then mixed for final batch in the laboratory banburry. The cure system is optimized by trying different accelerator dosages. First higher dosages of TBBS are tried but the results are not comparable, so the accelerator system is changed to CBS system. In CBS system different dosages are tried and 1.2 phr CBS is fixed along with 0.2 phr DPG.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>After the cure is optimized all eight formulations are made in bulk quantity in shop floor banburry. The master batches are compounded under the standard conditions and mixing sequence. After master batch mixing, final batch is mixed. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">MIXING PARAMETERS FOR MASTER BATCH AND FINAL BATCH:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZgnZDEw9lq1vPy_dxDD74alCCHK-KaGQPzI1KPqcDgCpvrH3A_Y2U11L1TS5VjfEa93f8XZWLXp3qbN9qKHHF02r5WsRGsxNJr8E0mGOEtzfmcN2Qo4YwjdYQkgHtcuV-r4fA5GXcckc/s1600/k.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZgnZDEw9lq1vPy_dxDD74alCCHK-KaGQPzI1KPqcDgCpvrH3A_Y2U11L1TS5VjfEa93f8XZWLXp3qbN9qKHHF02r5WsRGsxNJr8E0mGOEtzfmcN2Qo4YwjdYQkgHtcuV-r4fA5GXcckc/s400/k.bmp" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>After the finalization of all eight compounds, samples are given for regular rheo study. The rheo is done in ODR at 142<sup>0</sup>C for 60 minutes. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><u>FULL EVALUATION</u></span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b><u>TESTS CONDUCTED:</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -6.7pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The following tests are decided to be conducted on all the eight samples along with the control compound.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Physical tests</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Un aged</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Aged</span></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Dynamic mechanical analysis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">De mattia cut growth</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Heat build up</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Rebound resilience</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Dispersion</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Crosslink density.</span></li>
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><b><u>VALIDATION OF COMPOUNDS IN THE PROCESS:</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b><u>Extrusion: </u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Treads for both the selected compounds <b>A</b> and <b>D</b> are extruded maintaining the standard conditions and parameters with an 8 ½ X 10” extruder. Two sets of treads for lug pattern and rib patterns of 10-20 tyres are extruded. The treads are extruded without any problems or defects and are loaded on to leaf truck. The leaf trucks were then held up for a minimum of 4 hours for maturation before green tyre assembling.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b><u>Tyre</u></b><b><u> building:</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>Tyres of 10.00-20 sizes for Rib and Lug patterns are build using these treads under standard process conditions. There are no significant problems during the assembling of the green tyres. The green tyres are then kept in GT trolleys for maturation, before curing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b><u>Tyre</u></b><b><u> curing:</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The assembled Rib and Lug green tyres are cured. <span> </span>Curing of the assembled tyres is done using the standard curing presses, using conventional cure cycle. The conventional curing cycle employed the using of high pressure steam, hot water and cold water. After curing the tyres are given for Post Cure Inflation (PCI). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b><u>Tyre</u></b><b><u> testing:</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The cured tyres are then given for load endurance testing. The testing is done by applying step loads under standard conditions along with a control 10.00-20 size tyre. Different step loads are given at different intervals of time. The tyre is subjected to a 101% load first for 48 hours, if the tyre survives then it is again run for another 4 hours under the same loading. At this point temperature readings are taken from the shoulder as well as from the centre line of the tyre. The process is then repeated for 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180% loadings etc for four hours duration for each load step, and their respective temperature readings are taken until tyre failure. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><h1><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 20pt;">EXPERIMENTS</span></u></h1><h1><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></h1><h1 align="left" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><u>Specific gravity</u></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">S</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">pecific gravity test is used for checking the purity of the compound. Using zinc chloride solution carries out this test. The loss of ingredients during processing can be found out by this test</span></div><h2 align="left" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><b><u><span> </span>Dispersion</u></b></span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">D</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ispergrader 1000NT model manufactured by optigrade, Sweden was used for this study. The test was done in accordance with 100X magnification. The degree of carbon black dispersion in a rubber compound is important because certain physical properties, e.g. tensile strength, hystersis and abrasion resistances are influenced by dispersion. Normally a rating of 1 to 6 is classified as doubtful .A rating</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>of 10 indicates a rate of dispersion properties. There<span> </span>are<span> </span>two types of magnification. Here 100X magnification is used.</span></div><h2 align="left" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><u>100X magnification</u></span></b></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b>I</b>n this method there are two values, x and y.<span> </span>This method is based on ASTM D 2668-88</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The x values determines the destitution of filler in the compound .The X values is based on an image comparison with a set 10 references<span> </span>pictures of Phillip’s. Best dispersion will give the maximum value for X and worst dispersion will give minimum value for X</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The Y value is based on size and number of surface irregularities. It gives an idea of the agglomerates size in the compound. A high value of Y means the agglomerates size is very law.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><h1 align="left" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><u>Rheometer properties</u></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="xl27" style="border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Monsanto oscillating disc Rheometer(ODR2000</span></u></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)</span></div><div class="xl27" style="border: medium none; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span><b>T</b>he equipment sued for the test was the ODR2000 of alpha technologies. The cure characteristics of the compounds were determined using<span> </span>ODR2000 as per the ASTM D-2084.The cure rate; state of cure and processing characteristics can be understood from this test. Here the sample was subjected to constant amplitude of shearing as it occurs. The oscillating rotors occurs that was embedded in the sample confined to the die cavity under pressure<span> </span>and controlled temperature of 141.7°c for 45 mins the parameters obtained from the rheograph are given below:</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>1. <u>Minimum torque (ML):</u> It is the measure of the stock at the test temperature.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>2. <u>Maximum torque (MH):</u> It is the measure of stiffness or modulus at the test temperature. It is also an effective measure of charges in tensile modulus and cross link density</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>3. <u>Induction time (Ts2):</u> At normal Rheometer temperature, the induction time is a measure of the available for mould flow. It is also the measure of the time available for mould flow. It is the measure of process ability similar to moony scorch</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>4. <u>Optimum cure time (T90):</u> It corresponds to the achievement of 90% of maximum cure. It is calculated as, time for 90% maximum cure,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tc90 = (ML-MH)*0.9+ML</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>5. <u>Cure rate index</u>: Cure rate index corresponds to the rate of cure. It is calculated from the index corresponds to the rate of cure. It is calculated from the Ts2 and T90 values. Cure rate index =100/T90-TS2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">B) Monsanto moving die<span> </span>Rheometer<span> </span>(MDR2000)</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>It also measures the cure characteristics of the compound as ASTM D-5289-95 .It differs from ODR2000 in the following respect. In MDR 2000 there is no separate disc; instead of the lower half of the die correlates the upper die correlates with the degree of vulcanization as function of cure time .The parameters measured from the Rheograph are</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">1 Minimum torque</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">2 Maximum torque</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span>3 Induction time</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>4 Optimum cure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>5 Tan delta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span><u>Tan delta </u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>It is the ratio of loss modulus to storage modulus. Loss modulus s the measure of viscous component while storage modulus is the measure of resistance to deformation (elastic component)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tan delta = loss modulus<span> </span>/ storage modulus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The heat build up due to hysteresis depends on the loss modulus and hence tan<span> </span>delta value is a measure of heat build up also.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>In MDR, two types of tests were done:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">1) Rapid<span> </span>MDR:<span> </span></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>In this test, the sample was undergoing a temperature of<span> </span>191°c for 4 mins. This test Is Used for fast releasing of the compound.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">2)<span> </span>Regular<span> </span>MDR </span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>In<i> </i>this test, the sample was under going a temperature of 141.7° c for 45 mins. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>This more accurate than rapid MDR</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><u><span> </span>Mooney properties:</u></span></b></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -66.75pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The Mooney test, which is used as a routine test to assess, the processability of raw stock and compounds, was carried out for all the compounds in accordance with ASDM D1641-81. The equipment used was Monsanto co USA makes model MV 2000. Here a rotating disc in a shallow cylindrical cavity shears the samples as it cures.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The rotor speed is 2 rpm. The surface of the disc and of dies, which form the cavity, are serrated in a grid Patten to grip the rubber mechanically. The optimum test specimen consists of two pieces, which fill the cavity completely: one sample is placed above the rotor and the other beneath it .The torque required to move the rotor is measured, which gives the measure of viscosity of the compound. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>The Mooney viscosity of the compound is expressed as ML (1+1.5)@135° c. The test conditions are as follows:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Temperature of the die cavity<span> </span><span> </span>135°c</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Rotor<span> </span>size<span> </span><span> </span>large</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Pre heating time<span> </span><span> </span>1 min</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Set time<span> </span><span> </span>1.5min</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Total test time<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>2.5 min</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading9"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;">Mooney scorch </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Mooney scorch test is done in accordance with ASTM D1646. The scorch time gives the measure of processing safety. It also contributes to the stress relaxation study and elastic behavior of the polymers the scorch times T5, T10 and T35 are </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">obtained.</span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt;"><span> </span><u>Physical test:</u></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Molding</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The final compound were aged for 24 hours before molding .The compounds were sheeted out to the required thickness using laboratory mill molding for tensile and tear properties were done in a 22”X 24” steam heated automatic process.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The sample for testing except anaerobic aged were molded at a temperature of 141.7° c for 45 mins at 112KG/Sq.cm².In the case of anaerobic aged samples the time given was 90 minutes, all other parameters were the same. The molded pieces were cooled in water and conditioned at 23±2 c and 50% relative humidity for 24 hours before testing.</span></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><u><span> </span>Ageing<span> </span></u></span></b></h2><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-indent: 63.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">A cellular type-ageing oven was used for ageing the samples. This was done as per the IS: 3400, samples were exposed to 100° c for 48 hours. After the removal from the oven the samples were conditioned at 23±6° c and 50%RH for 24 hours and various properties were tested.</span></div><div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Percentage retention after ageing = (property before ageing – property after<span> </span><span> </span>ageing) /property before ageing.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><u>Tensile stress-strain properties</u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Instron universal tester model 4302 was used for the study .the stress strain values were measured as per the ASDM D 412. Dumb bell shaped samples were stumped from cured sheet parallel to the grain direction using dumbbell shaped die (C type) The crosshead speed was 500mm/min .The thickness of the specimen was measured and feed to the computer –aided machine so that the following parameters were recorded.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoHeading9"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoHeading9"><span style="display: none; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;">a) Tensile strength:</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt;">a) Tensile strength </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Tensile strength is defined as force per unit area of original cross sectional. area required for rupturing the sample</span></div><div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt 1pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">.Tensile strength = (load at break) / initial cross sectional area. psi</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">b) <u>Modulus: </u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Modulus is the stress at particular strain. It is calculated as follows,</span></div><div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt 1pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">100%modulus (psi) = (load at 100% elongation) /initial cross sectional area</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">200%modulus (psi) = (load at 200% elongation) /initial cross sectional area</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">300%modulus (psi) = (load at 300% elongation) /initial cross sectional area</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div><div class="MsoHeader" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">c) Elongation at break</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Elongation was measured the ability of the rubber to stretch without breaking. elongation at break is calculated as</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; font-family: Tahoma; padding: 0in;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; font-family: Tahoma; padding: 0in;">Elongation at break = (length at break –initial length) x100/initial length.</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><u>Tear Strength</u></span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">:</span></div><div class="MsoHeading9"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Tear strength is calculated as per the ASTM D –624 with un necked 90 angular specimen using Instron tester 4302:Germany.astm die c was used for cutting samples. The cross sectional speed was 500mm/minute .the result is expressed in Lb/in. The gauge of the specimen were measured and fed to the instrument.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt 1pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoHeader" style="border: medium none; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tear strength (Lb/in) = load required to tear the specimen / specimen thickness</span></div></div><h4 align="left" style="text-align: left;"><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></u><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://www.blogger.comhttp://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> </h4><h4 align="left" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;"><span> </span><u>Hardness </u></span></h4><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 63.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Hardness is the modulus at low strain. Hardness of the valcanisate was measured with the help of Shore A Durometer<span> </span>as per ASTM D-2240. The instrument consists if a calibrated spring to provide the indenting force. The load imposed by the spring varies with the indentation. Reading was taken after 10 seconds after indentation.<span> </span>When the firm conduct had been established with the specimen and the mean value of the measurement is reported.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><b><u>Heat build up</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 63.35pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Heat build up is measured by subjecting the standard sample to flexing in a Goodrich Flexometer in accordance with ASTM D 623. A specified load is applied to the test specimen which is mounted between the anvils, through a lever system having high inertia. An additional high frequency cyclic compression of specified amplitude is imposed on the test piece (1800Hz). Due to flexing heat is generated and this increase in temperature is measured at a specified time with the help of thermocouples. The change in the height of the test piece provides a measure of the compression set. A test piece may be subjected to more severe fatigue which condition to affect a blow out if the test piece.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 63.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><b><u>DeMattia cut growth:</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span>DeMattia cut growth measurement involves giving a 2mm hole in the notch of the standard specimen the testing is done in accordance with ASTM D 813. The demattia sample is moulded at 141.7°C for 60 minutes. The moulded sample is left for conditioning. After the conditioning of the sample a small hole of 2mm thickness is given. The sample is then subjected to 180° bending. The cut growth for specified cycles is noted at regular intervals. The lesser the growth the better the compound will survive</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 63.35pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="Style1"><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Cross linking Density:</span></u></b></div><div class="Style1"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Each cured samples are cut into small pieces of about 0.2 - 0.3 grams in three different shapes, their initial weights are noted. These cut samples are then allowed to swell in toluene solution for about 48 hours. After swelling the samples are carefully wiped with tissue paper to remove excess toluene from its surface. These samples are then weighed carefully and their respective swollen weights are noted. These samples are then kept in drying oven maintained at 70°C for 24 hours. After drying the samples are taken and weighed again carefully and their de-swollen weights are noted. These noted weights were then substituted in a mathematical expression to calculate the crosslink density. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><b><u>Rebound resilience:</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Samples were prepared at 141.7°C for 60 minutes, and kept for conditioning for 12 hours. The testing is done according to the ASTM standards ASTM D 1054. After conditioning samples were tested for rebound resilience at 100°C and room temperature using a pendulum type Zwick rebound tester. The samples were conditioned for about 30 minutes in an oven at 100°C before testing. The rebound resilience was calculated by taking the average values of the three rebounds in terms of percentage.<span> </span><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span><b><u>SUMMARY</u></b></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">COMPOUND PROPERTIES</span></u></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The eight experimental sub tread formulations are identified as <b>A to H</b> and control compound as <b>R</b>. </span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">For <b>compound A</b><b> </b>the rheo properties like <b>TC15</b> values, mooney properties and the physical properties like <b>EB</b> tear and tensile strength are comparable with control compound. The dispersion is good and it has better cut growth resistance properties. The cross link density is good and comparable results are obtained in the case of Heat build up. </span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Compound B</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> however is marginally inferior to compound <b>A. </b>Compound B have good rheo results<b> </b>and modulus values, but the elongations at break values are lower than expected. It shows good dispersion and crosslink density but the tear strength is lower than expected. The heat build up values and rebound values are not matching too.</span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Compound C</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">gives good rheo properties, dispersion, cross link density, rebound resilience and its cut growth properties are good. The elongation at break is good and comparable. The HBU properties are not good; it has low modulus but has good results for crosslink densities. </span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Compound D</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">is the best compound among the eight compounds and gives good results for Rheo TC15 values, tensile tear, Elongation, modulus and heat build up. The tan delta values are good and have good crosslink density. The rebound resilience is good and comparable.</span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Compound E</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> shows good dispersion but it is having low values of TC15, modulus is high, with low elongation. Demattia cut growth has poor results. HBU is higher, rebound resilience is not good. </span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Compound F</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> has good rheo properties, it shows good dispersion and cross linking. It has high modulus and the EB values are low. Cut growth is comparable. HBU is very high; re bound is lesser than compound D. </span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Compound <b>G</b> has good rheo results, cross link density and good dispersion. It has high modulus with lower elongation, cut growth is very poor. HBU is high and not comparable. The rebound resilience is also poor. </span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Compound H</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">has poor rheo values, has good modulus with low elongation properties. Tear strength is high and good. Demattia results are poor, dynamic properties are also not comparable and are poor. The rebound properties are good and closer to the control compound.</span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>Out of these eight compounds, based on overall evaluation results two candidates are selected. The selected compound candidates are A & D. These compounds were taken for further processing including tyre making.<span> </span></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 2.9pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span><b><u>CONCLUSIONS</u></b></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>The blending of Natural Rubber with a synthetic rubber is not an easy task, especially while concerning proper blending and mixing of the two. This is because; the physical and the chemical properties of the natural and synthetic do not match with each other thus providing improper mixing and undesirable properties. In the case of blending Natural rubber with Polybutadiene care had to be taken over all these aspects. The use of Polybutadiene in a way has served to replace the Natural Rubber. The replacement of Natural Rubber with synthetic rubbers had to be concentrated mainly because of two reasons; they are (I) the scarcity of Natural rubber and (II) the increase in the cost of the Natural Rubber.</span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span> </span>In the project two levels of Polybutadiene was blended with Natural rubber. The first level was 25 phr and the second level was 30 phr PBD respectively. The 25phr PBD loading had no much effect on the processability of the compound. It showed no much variation in the physical test results i.e. tensile, tear, elongation etc. </span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Based on satisfactory processing and properties obtained with 25 parts Poly butadiene in compound ‘A’ and ‘D’ these formulations are suggested for bulk evaluation in tyres.</span></b></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The use of 30 phr PBD in the base compound did not have satisfactory results, therefore not recommended for further evaluation. The inference obtained is that any further increase from 25 phr base level loading of Poly butadiene would be inappropriate for base compound. </span></div><div class="Style1" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span>By</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <br />
</span></h2><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><h3 style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">TG Vishnu Sharma </span></h3><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">TG Vinayaka Sharma </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-11672216138821916352010-09-02T09:14:00.001-07:002010-09-02T09:14:10.640-07:00Substitution of MBS Accelerator With A Non Carcinogenic Accelerator<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff9900; font-size: 130%;"> <br />
<u>Substitution of MBS Accelerator With A Non Carcinogenic Accelerator</u></span> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: #33cc00; font-weight: bold;"> <br />
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: #33cc00; font-weight: bold;">Jadheer</span></span> </div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b style="color: red;">ABSTRACT</b></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">This project is done in the field of rubber compounding .The accelerator MBS consumption is very high in tyre industry; this generates some harmful chemicals that are unhealthy to human being. High usage of this hazardous material may causes to cancer. So elimination of MBS accelerator from rubber compounding is very necessary.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">The main objective of this project is to develop a Non-carcinogenic compound by using a Non-carcinogenic accelerator, in the place of MBS. For this purpose consider the accelerator TBBS/CBS, which are more matching with MBS in cost and availability.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">In this project I studied the properties of regular MBS compound and various TBBS/CBS compounds. Then compare all the properties and select suitable one alternative to MBS.</div><br />
<div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><b>INTRODUCTION <br />
<br />
<br />
</b></div><b>VULCUNISATION OF RUBBER:</b> <br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">The development of rubber technology got a real boost with the invention of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear. He found that if rubber was mixed with sulphur and heated, a change occurred, for which the term vulcanization was given. As a result of this by about 1850 a whole range of rubber products were available</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">Raw rubber looses its rubber-like properties at temperatures above 60 c. Also its wear resistance and tensile strengths are low. The process of vulcunisation can improve the quality of rubber. Raw rubber is heated during vulcunisation. During vulcanization, the rubber chains are cross-linked into a three dimensional network which gives the desired physical properties. This converted the raw rubber in to a non-tacky, highly elastic, tough material that was no longer soluble in solvents.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">In the early stage of development, sulphur alone was used as the vulcanizing agent. The rubber was mixed with sulphur and was heated at high temperature and pressure for a very long time. But even after this the physical properties were poor. Manufacturers were anxious to reduce the time of heating and it was not long before metallic oxides such as those of zinc, calcium, magnesium and lead, were being incorporated for this purpose. The use of these inorganic accelerators continued until world war -1.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">In the earlier days of the present century organic substances were found to reduce the time of vulcanization and also to improve the physical properties of the products. These substances were called accelerators.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">The discovery of Mercaptobenz Thiazoles (MBT) IN 1921 was undoubtedly one of the outstanding landmarks. It was during the same period they found that zinc oxide enhanced the action of organic accelerators. Thus zinc oxide was regarded as an activator whose addition to a compound was highly desirable. Then started stearic acid was used as a co-ivator along with zinc oxide. This even improved the physical properties of the product.</div><br />
<br />
<b style="color: red;">CHEMISTRY OF VULCUNIZATION:</b> <br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0.25in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">The chemistry of vulcanization is so complex that even though the main stages are proven there is still much to be learnt about the effect of different types of additives. Vulcanization is the process by with mainly plastic rubber is converted in to elastic rubber or hard rubber state. The process which is brought about by the liking of macromolecules at their reactive sites, this process is also known as cross linking. The sulphur is combined in the vulcanization network in a number of ways, it may be present as monosulphidic, disulphidic or polysulphidic but it may also be present as pendent sulphidic or cyclic monosulphidic & disulphidic.</div><img alt="image001.jpg" height="537" src="http://img824.imageshack.us/img824/8518/image001qgi.jpg" style="height: 242px; width: 546px;" width="1168" /><br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">Most of all properties of the vulcanisates are depends on these cross links in between the macromolecular structure. The system of vulcanization can mainly effect the concentration of these cross links. A conventional vulcanization with high sulphor to accelerator ratio is produce the poly-suphidic cross links. But the Efficient vulcanization system to using high accelerator the low or no sulphor & semi efficient vulcanization system with compromised concentration of sulphur to accelerator in between conventional and efficient vulcanization system can produce more mono & disulphidic cross links. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">As the No. of moo & disulphidic cross links are increased, it will increases the ageing by oxidation resistance, thermal resistance, reversion resistance in natural rubber vulcanization and it also provides reduced compression set. But these systems show some draw backs i.e. inflexible processing safety, outdoor & poor initial vulcanisates properties, high cost & necessity for careful storage etc. So the application of this system is limited to few necessary situations. The modules, hardness etc. are increased by increasing the number of polysuphidic cross links, but these also reduces the elongation at break, fatigue life etc. of the polymer vulcanisate.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Not only the system of vulcanization but also the process of vulcanization is effects the vulcanisate properties. Over vulcanization is a dynamic process, not all the cross links survive the vulcanisation process. Instead existing cross link are broken down and new once are formed continuously. While the modules are rising more cross links are formed than are broken down. At the plateau stage, newly formed cross links are in balance with those that are broken down. And when reversion takes place more are broken down than are formed. This will caused to the variation of vulcanisate property of the natural rubber vulcanisate.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The degree of cross linking can show a marked influence in tensile stress, elongation at break, rebound resilience at the lower temperature, tear resistance, tension set, compression set, fatigue resistance (heat buildup), resistance to swelling etc. The degree of cross linking can also shows the less influence on, tensile strength, rebound resilience at room temperature, dynamic damping at room temperature, abrasion resistance, gas permeability, low temperature flexibility, electrical resistance etc.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Tyre is a dynamic product; the property of a tyre vulcanizate mainly depends on its degree of cross linking, the system of vulcanization used, the vulcanization process and the ageing conditions, heat buildup etc. on the service should affects the properties of tyre vulcanizates .</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b> <br />
</b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b> <br />
</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b style="color: red;">Theory of sulphur vulcanization;</b></span> </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Sulphur contained in the vulcanization network in a number of ways. As cross links it may be present as monosulphide, disulphide, or polysulphide, but it may be also be present as pendent sulphides, or cyclic monosulphides and disulphides.By the use of chemical probes, the relative amount of mono, di, and poly sulphide material can be assessed, and by measuring the degree of cross links as well, the pendent and intra molecular sulphur can be estimated. From this information and the amounts of nitrogen and sulphur combined with rubber and various stages of vulcanization, it is possible to deduce the general course of the vulcanization reaction.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The initial step in vulcanization seems to be the reaction of sulphor with the zinc salt of accelerator to give the zinc perthio salt XS, ZnSxX, where X is a group derived from the accelerator. This salt reacts with rubber hydrocarbon RH to give a rubber bound intermediate</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">X S<sub>x</sub>ZnS<sub>x</sub>X+RH X S<sub>x</sub>R+ZnS+HS<sub>x</sub>-1 X</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">And a per thiol accelerator group which, with further zinc oxide to form a zinc perthio salt of lower sulphor content; this may, nevertheless again be an active sulphurating agent, forming intermediates XSx-1R. In this way each molecule of accelerator give rise to a series of intermediates of varying degrees of polysulphidity. The hydrogen atom which removed is like to be attached to a methylene group in the alpha position of double bond.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CH3</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">- CH2- C <b>=</b>CH- CH2 -</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The intermediate XS<sub>x</sub>R then react with molecule of rubber hydrocarbon RH to give cross link, and more accelerator is generated;</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">XS<sub>x</sub>R+RH RS<sub>x</sub>-1+XSH</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Even this is not the whole story, for, on further heating, the degree of poly sulphidity of the cross link declines. This process is catalysed by XS<sub>x</sub>ZnS<sub>x</sub>X and can result in additional cross links. It is also evident that the cross links which where initially at positions 4 and 5 undergo an allylic shift, with the result that new configurations appears;</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">At the same time, disappearance of cross links of disulphide and polysulphide type occurs, with formation of conjugated trienes;</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">This destruction of cross links is apparently associated with the formation of cyclic sulphides. A consideration of the above reaction leads to conclusion that, if desulphuration proceeds rapidly in the case of the mix depicted, the final network will be highly cross linked with mainly monosulphidic bonds, and there will be relatively new modification of the cyclic sulphide or conjugated triene type; such a crosslink is termed efficiently cross linked. If on the other hand, desulphuration proceeds slowly as in the case of the compound depicted, there will be opportunities for thermal decomposition, leading to reversion or loss of cross links and to networks containing modifications; further, the cross links which do survive will be di or poly sulphidic and hence will be liable to further decomposition. These cross links are inefficiently cross linked.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Examination of a system containing HAF black shows that a remarks made above for a pure gum system generally hold for a natural rubber compound containing active black. The presence of HAF black increases the overall rate of reaction of the rubber and sulphur, and promotes the desulphuration reaction, thus leading to increased cross link efficiency.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>ROLE OF ACCELERATORS:</b> <br />
<br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">By definition "Accelerators" are basic substances, which reduce the vulcunisation time by increasing the rate of cure. They also improve the physical properties such as modulus of the vulcunisate. The most commonly used vulcanizing agent is sulphur. Along with this different types of accelerators are being used. The most popular accelerators are delayed action sulphenamides, thiazoles, thiuram sulphides, dithiocarbamates and guanidines. A sulphur donor such as a thiuram disulphide may replace part or all of the sulphur. The accelerator to sulphur ratio dictates the efficiency of vulcanization and, in turn, the thermal stability of the resulting vulcunizate.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">Sulphur is combined in the vulcanization network in a number of ways.</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 4.7pt 0in 10pt;"><br />
<b style="color: red;">DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF SULPHUR VULCUNIZATION:</b> </div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 26.65pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.35pt; text-indent: 30.6pt;">Depending upon the dosage of Sulphur and accelerator, there are three different systems</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 26.65pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.35pt; text-indent: 30.6pt;">of vulcanization.</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 17.65pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Conventional System</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Efficient vulcunization system</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Semi-efficient Vulcanization System.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ø <b> <br />
<i>Conventional System</i> <br />
</b> </div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 25.4pt; margin: 3.4pt 0in 10pt 3.25pt; text-align: justify;">In rubber an accelerator to sulphur ratio typically of 1: 5. is called a conventional vulcanizing system and it gives a network in which about 20 sulphur atoms are combined with the rubber for each inserted chemical crosslink. Here, ;mainly polysulphidic linkages are formed. These compounds give good tensile strength, modulus etc. But they are:subject to reversion. They show poor heat resistance, in a typical Natural Rubber compound, the usual dosage will be 2-2.5 phr of sulphur and 0.5-1 phr of accelerator</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 32.2pt; margin: 0in 3.4in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ø <b>Efficient Vulcanization System</b> </div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 27pt; margin: 5.6pt 0.55pt 10pt 0.2pt; text-align: justify;">An accelerator to sulphur ratio of 5: 1 is typical of an efficient vulcanizing (EV) system where no more than 4 - 5 sulphur atoms are combined with the rubber for each chemical crosslink. Most of the crosslinks at optimum cure are monosulphidic or disulphidic and only a relatively smafl proportion of the sulphur is wasted in main chain modifications. Jhis combination provides very nuch enhanced thermal stability; both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but some mechanical properties may be impaired. These compounds show good reversion resistance.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 9.35pt; margin: 11.5pt 97.9pt 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ø <b>Semi Efficient Vulcanization System</b> </div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 28.1pt; margin: 9.55pt 0in 10pt 1.25pt; text-indent: 11.9pt;">The Semi E.V. system comes in between the C.V. and E.V.system. The dosage of sulphur and accelerator, the physical proper tied obtained are all in between the other two systems.</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 26.3pt; margin: 0.1in 1.1pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Accelerators can be categorized in various ways. Depending upon the rate of vulcanization, they can bo classified as:-</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 16.75pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Slow</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 16.75pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Moderately fast</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 16.75pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Ultra</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Delayed action accelerator</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 35.3pt;">In 1938 Bayer was the first to introduce commercial sulphenamides. These are delayed action accelerators. They are the reaction products of 2- Mercaptdbenzthiozole with basic substances. Sulphenamide types of accelerators are in vogue for almost nearly a century in tyre Industries. They have advantages of scorch safety, faster rates of curing, easy processability and better ultimate product properties. The sulphenamides become very popular because they available in spectrum of curing speed i.e. fast-slow(CBS, TBBS, MBS, DIBS, and DCBS).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b>VULCUNIZATION ACCELERATORS:</b> <br />
<br />
</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">Sulphur by itself is a slow vulcunising agent. Large amounts of sulphur, high temperature and long heating periods are needed, thus obtain unsatisfactory crosslink efficiency with unsatisfactory strength and aeiging properties. Thus only with vulcunization accelerators the quality can be achieved.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">There are some types of rubber accelerators. They are used in combination with each other in accordance with vulcanizing and/or acid-base conditions. Some examples classified by chemical structure are as below;</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 81pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Thiazole</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Dibenzothiazole disulfide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Zinc salt</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 81pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Sulphenamide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. N-Oxydienthylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 81pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Guanidine</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Diphenyl guanidine</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Di-o-tolylguanidine</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 81pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Thiuram</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Tetraethyl thiuram disulfide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Isobutyl thiuram disulfide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Dipentamethylene thiuramtetrasulfide</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 81pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. Dithiocarbamate</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Zinc dibutyl dithiocarbamate</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Zinc N-ethyl-dithiocarbamate</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Zinc dibenzyl dithiocarbamate</div><br />
<div style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Copper dimethyl dithiocarbamate</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 81pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Xanthates</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Zinc isopryl xanthate</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Sodium isopryl xanthate</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Zinc butyl xanthate</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 81pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Aldehyde amine</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Hexamethylene tetramine (hexamine)</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 117pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Ethylidene aniline</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 117pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Diphenyl guanidine</div><br />
8. Morpholine di sulphide <br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 117pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Bis-morpholine disulphide</div><b>MATERIALS USED:-</b> <br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Master batch compound:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 2in;">The Master batch compound weigth may be approximately 184.55gm. It was prepared by adding all ingredients to the rubber except sulphur, accelerator and retarder.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b style="color: red;">ACCELERATOR:-</b> <br />
</span> </div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in;">The accelerator used here is of sulphenamide type. Also accelerators used by tyre industries are generally of sulphenamide type. These type of accelerators are used in tyre industry, as because of the fact that sulphenamides are accelerators with delayed onset vulcunization. Sulfenamides are special classes of accelerators that provide for a long delay period before the onset of the network formation. Sulfenamides and sulfenimides are commercially important classes of accelerators. Delayed action and fast cure characteristics are important in the preparation of large components made of rubber, such as tires. Large items require a great deal of processing to prepare the final form. Once in the final form and in the curing press, vulcanization should commence rapidly to allow for high productivity. The accelerator differs according to the type of amine used. The delayed action provided by the sulfenamide and sulphenimide accelerators allows time for processing before the onset of vulcanization. <br />
<br />
<br />
Typical sulfenamide accelerators are :-</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. MBS (morpholino thio benzo thiazole sulphenamide).</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. CBS (cyclo hexyl benz thiazyl sulphenamide).</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 107.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. TBBS (N-tert: butyl benz thiazyl sulphenamide).</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt;">In these sulpheneamides are generally used in the tyre industry. This is because of the fact that sulphenamides are accelerators with delayed onset vulcunization. The accelerator differs according to the type of amine used.The scorch resistance of rubber compound is not much reduced as the proportion of the sulphenamide is increased, however the degree of vulcunization is increased and the total curing time reduced. If the sulphur content is raised, the scorch tendency and the degree of vulcunization are raised and the total curing time is reduced. As the amount of sulphur is reduced, the additional amount of accelerator required for agiven hardness is initially small but it increases greatly when only a very small proportion of sulphur is present. In such cases some dithio carbamates or thiuram accelerators are added so that total amount of accelerator can be kept relatively small. When the sulphur content is normal the addition of ultra accelerators as secondary accelerators considerably raises modulous.</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">Among the sulphenamide accelerators MBS and TBBS are most suitable for efficient vulcunisation system. The thermal instability of benzothiazole sulphenamide bond is the reason for limited shelf life of these materials. The processing safety increases from CBS to TBBS, MBS and highest with DCBS. Also TBBSgives the highest stress values. Addition of Zno is necessary for the activation of benzthiazole sulphenamides. In compounds with CBS, addition of stearic acid is recommended, to increase the stress value. Addition of stearic acid is necessary in compounds containing TBBS, MBS, CBS and DCBS to achieve higher cross link densities.</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>ACTION OF SULPHENAMIDE ACCELERATORS:</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">During vulcanization their molecules are split by heat. A 2- Mercaptobenzthiozole residue and a base are formed. The base activates the residue after which the vulcanization process proceeds extremely fast.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">The main characteristics of the sulphenamides are very good processing safety, good cure rate and good reversion resistance. They also give vulcunizates with good physical properties.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">A tread compound requires good processing safety during mixing and extrusion. During curing the tread gets direct contact with the heated mould. Since its thickness is high, and rubberbeing a poor conductor of heat, it takes some time for heat to get uniformly distribute to the inside. Thus the tread compound demands good reversion resistance. The sulphenamides with their delayed action and good reversion resistance makes a good choice and they are the most commonly used accelerators for the tread compounds.</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><b><i>MBS:-</i></b></i></b></div><br />
MBS is the Morpholino Benz Thiazol Sulphenamide. This is most widely used in tyre formulation because of ease in processing and balanced spectrum of product properties besides its lower cost. The main disadvantage of MBS is that it is suspected due to its carcinogenic nature. <br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">Structure of MBS:-</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<img alt="image003.jpg" height="260" src="http://img824.imageshack.us/img824/3993/image003g.jpg" width="497" /> </div><br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Property:-MBS is insoluble in benzene, ethyl acetate, methyl alcohol etc and soluble in water, dil: acid and alkali.</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Specific gravity à 1.34-1.4</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Melting point à 75-90 degree c</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Moisture content à 0.3% (max)</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Ash content à 0.25% (max)</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Insoluble in methanol à 0.3% (max)</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
<b>RETARDER</b> </div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">N-cyclohexyl thio phthalimidine (CTP (PVI))</div></td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><b>Property:</b> The material is white or yellowish crystalline powder dissolves in acetone, benzene, <br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 14.05pt 0in 10pt 0.05in;">oluene, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate as well as warm carbon tetra chloride, ethyl alcohol and</div>leptane. It is slightly dissolves in gasoline. But it is insoluble in kerosene and water <br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 27pt 0in 10pt;">Appearance:- white or light yellow<sup>1</sup> crystal</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 25.9pt 0in 10pt 18.35pt;">1. Melting point (°C) 89-94°c</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 11.9pt 0in 10pt 17.3pt;">2. Heat loss 0.40 (max)<sup>1</sup> </div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 13.3pt 0in 10pt 17.65pt;">3. Ash content 0.20 (max)</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in;"><br />
</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.7pt 6.3pt 10pt 0in;">SCOPE OF THE WORK:</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 13.7pt 0in 10pt 1.25pt;"><br />
<b>The importance of replacement of MBS in tyre compounding</b> </div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 27.35pt; margin: 7.4pt 0in 10pt 0.2pt; text-indent: 20.7pt;">Amongst all the available sulphenamides, morpholino-thio-benzothiazole sulphenamide (MBS) is most widely used in tyre formulation because of ease in processing and a balanced spectrum of product properties besides jts lower cost. However of late, in advanced countries the use of MBS has been reduced significantly due to its suspected carcinogenic nature. Although many rubber Industries are still using the aforesaid material but in near future its application/will be stopped for safety reasons by government regulations</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 27.35pt; margin: 7.4pt 0in 10pt 0.2pt; text-indent: 20.7pt;">Morphoiine is released during vulcanization processes, using morphoiine-containing accelerators such as <i>2-N- morpholinothlo</i> benzothiazole (MBS). Some of the amine is released into the atmosphere and some is bound to the rubber. Even<sup>;</sup>the accelerator itself can contain free amine. The morpholine content of MBS is < 0.4%. by weight. This level can be higher if the accelerator is not stored properly and is exposed to heat or moisture.</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 27.35pt; margin: 7.4pt 0in 10pt 0.2pt; text-indent: 20.7pt;">MBS use in the manufacture of rubber additives results in an indefinable amount of morpholine being released into the hydrosphere or geosphere not only during manufacturing processes but also through tyre abrasion and disposal of used tyres.</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 26.45pt; margin: 0in 0.55pt 10pt 1.8pt; text-indent: 43.75pt;">Morpholine does not appear to be mutagenic or carcinogenic in-animals. However, it can be easily nitrosated to form A/-nitrosomorpholine .(NMOR), which is mutagenic and <br />
<br />
<br />
carcinogenic in several species of experimental animals. Morpholine fed to rats sequentially with nitrite, caused an increase in tumours, mostly hepatocellular carcinoma and. sarcomas of the liver and lungs. It is therefore prudent to consider,exposure to morpholine increasing, thecarcinogenic risk in exposed, populations. .</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 23.95pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.6pt; text-indent: 17.65pt;">Occupational exposure to morpholine rqay occur in several industries. Rubber products may also contribute to overall exposure. There afe few data on exposure of workers to morpholine. All reported values are below 3 mg/m3. "Occupational exposure to NMOR has been found in the rubber industry, where concentrations up to 250 ng/m3 have been measured. The. compound is absorbed by Inhalation: and. skin absorption In a 13-week inhalation study, morpholine (0.09-0,9 g/m3, 6 h/day, 5 days/week) has been reported to cause dose-related lesion of nasalmucosa and pneumonia at the higher exposure levels (0,36 andO.9 riig/mS) in the conditions p'f short-term and long-term inhalation, the critical effects appear to be irritation of the eyes; respiratory tract and the phenomenon known as blue Vision or glaucopsia have been described in occupational exposure High exposures to morpholine causes severe damage to the liver and kidneys of rats and guinea-pigs.</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">The high water solubility qf morpholine and its low volatility (under environmental condition) make this hydrospherepre-dominant enviornmental sink. Morpholine is inherently biodegradable and, although degradation is slow, there are no data to suggest accumulation in the hydrosphere. However, it seems unlikely that current levels of morpholine emission cause any significant damage to the wider environment.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #009900; margin: 0in 0in 9.9pt 1.8pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;">How MBS become carcinogenic?</span></div><br />
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</style>Morpholine'(1<sub>:</sub>oxa-4-azacyclohexane) is a colorless, oily, hygroscopic, volatile liquidwith a characteristic amine ("fishy")-odor. Morpholine can undergo a variety of reactions. It behaves chemically as a secondary amine. Under environmental and <span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Physiological conditions, solutions of nitrite or gaseous-nitrogen oxides/e.gJ,'N2O3, N2O4, NOx </span>reacts with dilute solutions of morpholine and forms the proven animal carcinogen.</span><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 14pt;"> <span style="color: black;">N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR). Nitrogen oxide. (NO) levels may be of importance in nitrosation. The conditions of nitrbsation, in particular pH, play a significant role.<o:p></o:p></span></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 23.95pt; margin-top: 53.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt;">Due to its carcinogenic properties the formation of NMOR frorn morpholine has to be taken into account when assessing health and environmental aspects of morpholine.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-top: 53.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In aqueous solutions, the reaction is as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-top: 53.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t32" oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e" spt="32"> <v:path arrowok="t" connecttype="none" fillok="f"> <o:lock ext="edit" shapetype="t"> </o:lock><v:shape connectortype="straight" id="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 0pt; margin-left: 131.9pt; margin-top: 56.5pt; position: absolute; width: 40.5pt; z-index: 2;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:stroke><v:shape connectortype="straight" id="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 0pt; margin-left: 131.9pt; margin-top: 49pt; position: absolute; width: 40.5pt; z-index: 1;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:stroke><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2HNO</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> N</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">+H</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></v:shape></v:path></v:shapetype></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-top: 53.1pt;"><v:shape connectortype="straight" id="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 0pt; margin-left: 131.9pt; margin-top: 54.25pt; position: absolute; width: 40.5pt; z-index: 4;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:stroke><v:shape connectortype="straight" id="_x0000_s1028" style="height: 0pt; margin-left: 131.9pt; margin-top: 46pt; position: absolute; width: 40.5pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:stroke><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> N</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">3 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> NO + NO</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></v:shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The rate of reaction of the nitrosation of morpholine by nitrile is greatest at a pH value of 3.4, where the rate constant is 0.42 mol-12s-1. An increase in the pH value has been shown to result in a decrease in the rate of nitrosation with nitrile, and the rate was almost zero at pH>7. In contrast, nitrosation with gaseous nitrogen oxides (N2O3, N2O4, NOx) can take place over the whole pH range found that, under certain conditions the yield of NMOR at pH 7 was ten times higher than at pH 2, but there was no further increase beyond this pH. Enhancement of the nitrosation of morpholine by nitrogen dioxide was reported in the presence of iodine, vanillin and related phenols and halides, particularly bromide.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b> <br />
<i>OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK:</i> <br />
</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">Comparing the other sulphenamide accelerators, TBBS/CBS are more match able with MBS in cost and availability. Also TBBS, being a primary amine derivative of MBT and does not liberate nitrosamine to harmful to health and environment during vulcunisation of tires and during its service life. So the objective of the present investigation is to explore the potentials of using TBBS/CBS in place of MBS in the formulation of different tyre components without sacrificing the properties.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><b>OUT LINE OF THE WORK</b> <br />
<br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 27pt; margin: 14.95pt 0in 10pt; text-indent: 70.4pt;">In this study a compound with MBS accelerator (0.5phr), Sulphur (2.25phr), CTP (O.2phr) was considered. Replacement of this compound with slightly faster accelerator TBBS/CBS and same phr of sulphur and retarder were used. So the reduced amount of TBBS/CBS was used. TBBS is a faster accelerator, so the requirement of accelerator can be reduced, to get equivalent properties. Then the properties of MBS and TBBS/CBS batches were compared.</div><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 27pt; margin: 14.95pt 0in 10pt; text-indent: 70.4pt;"><br />
<b>Batch R...</b> MBS -0.5Phr, Suiphur-2.25, CTP-0.2 - CONTROL BATCH</div><br />
The compounds were evaluated for rheometer characteristics and the <br />
<br />
vulcanizate properties like Tensile properties, Tear strength, and hardness are evaluated.<br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">MIXING & VULCUNIZATION (Curing):-</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Mixing is a process of homogenizing various ingredients or additives to the raw rubber in correct proportions so as to obtain desired properties to the finished product, which can also aid processing in most economic manner. Processing is the foundation upon which every further step is based in any rubber industry. Mixing is the most critical component of rubber processing. The aim of mixing is to produce a product that has the ingredients dispersed and distributed sufficiently thoroughly that will process satisfactory in the next process, cure efficiently and give the required properties for the end application. Mixing requires deciding for the given formulation what equipment to use, and the times, speeds, pressures, temperatures and procedures that are required to make an intimate mixture of ingredients into an adequately mixed compound.</div><br />
<b>FORMULATIONS:-</b> <br />
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<b>01 . TRIAL-1:-</b> </div><br />
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin: auto 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>NO:</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>INGREDIENTS</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Phr</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">01</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Master batch</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">184.55</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">02</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TBBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.5</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">03</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Insoluble sulphur</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2.25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">04</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Retarder</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.2</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
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<b>02 . TRIAL-2:-</b> </div><br />
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<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin: auto 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>NO:</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>INGREDIENTS</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Phr</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">01</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Master batch</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">184.55</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">02</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">MBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.5</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">03</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Insoluble sulphur</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2.25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">04</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Retarder</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.2</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
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<b>03 . TRIAL-3:-</b> </div><br />
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin: auto 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>NO:</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>INGREDIENTS</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Phr</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">01</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Master batch</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">184.55</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">02</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">CBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.5</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">03</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Insoluble sulphur</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2.25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">04</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Retarder</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.2</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
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<b>04 . TRIAL-4:-</b> </div><br />
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<br />
<br />
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin: auto 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>NO:</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>INGREDIENTS</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Phr</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">01</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Master batch</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">184.55</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">02</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TBBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.45</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">03</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Insoluble sulphur</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2.25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">04</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Retarder</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.2</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>05 . TRIAL-5:-</b> </div><br />
<br />
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin: auto 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>No:</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 328.5pt;" valign="top" width="438"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>INGREDIENTS</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Phr</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">01</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 328.5pt;" valign="top" width="438"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Master batch</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">184.55</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">02</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 328.5pt;" valign="top" width="438"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">CBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.45</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">03</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 328.5pt;" valign="top" width="438"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Insoluble sulphur</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2.25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">04</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 328.5pt;" valign="top" width="438"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Retarder</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.2</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>06 . TRIAL-6:-</b> </div><br />
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin: auto 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>NO:</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>INGREDIENTS</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Phr</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">01</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Master batch</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">184.55</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">02</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TBBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.4</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">03</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Insoluble sulphur</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2.25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">04</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Retarder</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.2</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>07 . TRIAL-7:-</b> </div><br />
<br />
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin: auto 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>NO:</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>INGREDIENTS</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Phr</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">01</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Master batch</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">184.55</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">02</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TBBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.4</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">03</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Insoluble sulphur</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2.25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" valign="top" width="61"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">04</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 355.5pt;" valign="top" width="474"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Retarder</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.2</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Mixing is done in a two roll mill. All the batches are mixed one by one and stored. Trial numbers are given to them and are passed for testing. First the rheological properties are tested. For physical testing, the final batch compound must be get vulcunised.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Vulcunization was carried out using a hydraulic press having 12" ram size. The moulds were always preheated to the vulcunization temperature. The moulding were cooled up on removal from the mould to room temperature and conditioned at ambient temperature for 24 hrs before testing.</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Cure time</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Temperature</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">45 minutes</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">142 c</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURES:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>FINAL BATCH COMPOUND:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Final batch compound is prepared in the mill room using a two roll mill. Here first the master batch compound is make up in the two roll mill. After that other ingrediants like accelerator, retarder, and insolule sulphur are added and then again mixed. After that it is sheeted out and taken out for testing.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>OSCILATING DISC RHEOMETER:</b> </div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Introduction:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 2in;">This test method covers the determination of rheometric properties such as optimum cure time (T90), Scorch Time (TS2), Minimum Torque (ML) & Maximum Torque (MH), of rubber compounds.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Reference Document / Standard : ASTM D 2084</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Apparatus Model and Make : R100/1990 / Monsanto International, USA</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Terminologies used:</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Cure rate index:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 2in;">It is a measure of rate of vulcanization based on the difference between optimum vulcanization and incipient scorch time.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Maximum torque:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">It is a measure of stiffness or shear modulus of fully vulcanized test specimen at the vulcanization temperature.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Minimum torque:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">It is a measure of stiffness of the unvulcanized test specimen taken at the lowest point of curve.</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Scorch time:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">It is a measure of processing safety of the compound. It denotes the time available for safe processing of the compound.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Time to a percentage of full cure:</b> </div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">It is an inverse measure of cure rate based on time to develop some percentage of the highest torque.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Use:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">To determine the vulcanization characteristics of Vulcanisable rubber compounds used for quality control & research and development</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Cure meter:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Consists of a specimen chamber, closure mechanism, a temperature control system, rotor drive and a torque measuring system.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Specimen chamber:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Consist of platen dies, and a biconical disk.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Platens:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Two platens made of aluminum alloy, each containing an electric heater and each having, in the center, a cavity to accommodate a die. From the side, there is a well for inserting a temperature sensor.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Dies:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 2in;">The dies shall be fabricated from a non deforming tool steel having a minimum Rockwell hardness of HRC 50. Holes shall be drilled in both the upper and lower die member to enable temperature sensor to be inserted. The top and bottom surfaces of the die cavity shall contain rectangularly shaped grooves arranged radialy about the center and spaced at 20<sup>o</sup> intervals. The lower die shall have a hole in the center to allow for the insertion of the disk stem. A suitable low friction seal shall be provided in this hole to prevent material leaking from the cavity.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Disk:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The biconical disk shall be fabricated from a non deforming tool steel having a minimum Rockwell hardness of HRC 50.The standard frequency of the rotary oscillation of the disk shall be constant at 1.7 Hz (100 cycles per minute)</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The amplitude of the unloaded disk oscillation shall be constant at 1.00 ± 0.03<sup>o</sup> about the centre position, that is, a total arc of 2 <sup>o</sup>.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Die closing mechanism:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The dies shall be closed and held closed during the test by a pneumatic cylinder with a force of 11.0 ± 0.5 KN (2500 ± 100 lbf).</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Torque measuring system:</b> </div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The torque measuring system shall consist of a device, that produces a signal that is directly proportional to the torque required to oscillate the disk. A recorder to record the maximum amplitude signal from the torque transducer shall be provided. The recorder shall have a full scale deflection response time on the torque scale of 1s or less and shall be capable of recording the torque with an accuracy of ± 0.5% of the torque.</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Procedure:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Bring the temperature of both die members to the test temperature with the disk in place and the die cavity in the closed position.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Place the recorder pen to zero torque line on the chart.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Position the pen to the 0 time position on the chart by pressing the reset button on the recorder.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Select the correct torque range.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Open the dies, place the specimen on the top of oscillating disc and close the dies.. This cycle must be completed within 20 seconds to minimize temperature change.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Start the recorder immediately after the platens are closed.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Test completion:</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Test is completed when the predetermined time has elapsed, or when a specified condition has been met (i.e. 1 or 2 lbf/in. reversion)</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Open platens, remove test specimen using the brass screwdriver, and clean the dies and disc with the brass brush.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Due to the adhesive qualities of some rubber it may be necessary to remove the biconical-oscillating disc. The following procedure is accomplished</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Loosen the collet by pressing on the knob located on the right side of the rheometer, and turn it counter clockwise until disc can be removed with the brass screw driver.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Remove the rubber specimen, using the brass screwdriver.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Replace the disc, press in on the knob on the right side of the rheometer and turn it clockwise until it is tight.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Close the platens and allow temperature to stabilize before beginning a new test.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>TENSILE PROPERTIES:</b> </div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Introduction:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">This method is used to determine physical properties of rubber compounds in tension. Dumb bell shaped specimens are cut from a cured 6"×6" pad and pulled on a constant rate of extension tester at a jaw separation of 20 ± 2 inch/minute.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The resulting stress/strain curve is analyzed to determine tensile, modulus and elongation properties of the compound.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Reference Document / Standard:</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">ASTM D 412</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Apparatus Model and Make:</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Instron Corp. / Instron 3365</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Terminologies Used:</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Elongation:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Elongation represents the increase in length of the sample at ruptures, calculated as a percent of the original length. Percentage elongation is given by the relation</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">% EB = L - Lo</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Lo</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Where 'L' is the length in mm between the bench market at break 'L' is the initial length in mm between the bench mark.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Tensile Strength:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">As all rubber products undergo stress during use, most compounds are designed to meet the tensile strength requirements. Tensile strength is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand forces that tend to pull it apart and to determine to what extend the material stretches before breaking. Tensile strength is given in Kg / Cm<sup>2</sup> by the relationship,</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Tensile strength = F / A</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Where 'F' is the force in kg at breakage & 'A' is the initial cross sectional area in cm<sup>2</sup>.</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>TEAR STRENGTH:</b> </div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Introduction</b> <br />
<b>:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Tear strength is defined as the force per unit thickness required o propagate a nick or cut in a direction perpendicular to the direction of applied stress, or to initiate tearing in a direction normal to the direction of stress..</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Reference Document / Standard:</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">ASTM D 624</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Apparatus Model and Make:</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Instron Corp. / Instron 3365</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Procedure</b> <br />
<b>:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· The gauge of the test piece is measured and they are inserted into the grip of the tensile testing machine. And is stretched until it fails.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Because of the lower force involved, gripping is less difficult than with tensile tests.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· However, smaller force means that a sensitive load-measuring device is needed and the rate of change of force will rise and fall alternatively.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· All the current standard specify a stretching of 500 mm/min, the same as for tensile test.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Calculation</b> <br />
<b>:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Tear strength is calculated by dividing the load in Kg by the thickness in cm of the specimen & expressed as Kg / cm.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Tear strength</b> = F / A</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Where 'F' is the force in Kg at the loading time, 'T' is the thickness of the specimen in Cm</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">HARDNESS TEST:</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Introduction:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Shore A hardness is a measure of the resistance to penetration of an indenter of specified size and shape, forced into the test specimen. The hardness is measured in shore A hardness units ranging from 0 to 100.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">This test method permits hardness measurements based on either initial indentation or indentation after a specified period of time, or both.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Reference Document / Standard:</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">ASTM D 2240</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Apparatus Model and Make:</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Gold 1997 / TRSE Instruments and Equipments, Chennai</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Theory</b> <br />
<b>:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Hardness tester (Durometer) is used to determine the hardness of the specimen. Hardness is defined as the resistance offered by a specimen to the penetration of a hardened steel truncated cone (shore A). The shore A Durometer is used for measuring softer materials.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">This test method is based on the penetration of the specified indenter forced into the material under specified conditions. The indentation hardness is inversely related to the penetration and is dependant on the elastic modulus and Viscoelastic behaviour of the material. The shape of the indenter and the force applied to it influence the result obtained so that there may be no simple relationship between the result obtained with either another type of Durometer or another instrument for measuring hardness. This test method is an empirical test indented primarily for control purpose. No simple relationship exists between indentation hardness determined by this method and any fundamental property of the material tested.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Apparatus</b> <br />
<b>:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Hardness measuring apparatus or Durometer consisting of the following components</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Presser foot with a hole having a diameter between 2.5 and 3.2 mm centered at least 6 mm from any edge of the foot.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Indenter formed from hardened steel rod with a diameter between 1.15 and 1.4 mm to the shape and dimension.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Indicating device on which the amount of extension of the point of indenter may be lead in terms of graduations ranging from zero for full extension of 2.46 to 2.54 mm to 100 for zero extension obtained by placing presser foot and indenter in firm contact with a flat piece of glass.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">o Calibrated spring for applying force in the indenter in accordance with one of the following equations:</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Force N</b> = 0.55 + 0.075 H<sub>A</sub> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Where,</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">H<sub>A</sub> is hardness reading on shore A.</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Test specimen</b>:</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The specimen should be at least 6 mm thick and should have as even surface, which should be sprinkled with the talcum powder before testing thinner samples may be piled up to get the thickness of 6 mm. But the hardness so determined on each specimen is only indicative and not definite.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Each specimen should be tested thrice at three spots, which should be at a distance of at least 5 mm from each other and 13 mm from any edge of the test plate. Vulcanized specimen should not be tested earlier than 3 days after vulcanization. Area of pressure foot to the extent of at least 6mm radius from the centre of an indenter in all directions should be in contact with specimen. Rounded, uneven or coarsely ground surface cannot be tested suitably.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Procedure</b> <br />
<b>:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Place the specimen on a hard, even, horizontal surface. Hold the tester in a vertical position and apply it to the specimen which holding the presser foot parallel to the surface of the specimen.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Apply pressure with hand without shack until the pressure foot just makes a firm contact with the surface of specimen evenly. The reading is to be taken after about three seconds after this contact is made. This is particularly important for non-elastic rubber specimen.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">To eliminate the human error, it is strongly advisable to use the tester with a specially designed tester stand. Three tests should be carried out on each specimen and the mean value of the three readings should be rounded off to a shore number. It is advisable to indicate derivations of individual reading from this mean value in test report.</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Test results:</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Rheo properties:</b> </div><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin: auto 6.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">CC</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">AD</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">ML</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">MH</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TS2</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TC10</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TC15</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TC25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TC50</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TC90</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Trial-1</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TBBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">8.2</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">31.61</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">10.72</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11.02</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11.80</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">13.02</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">15.88</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">25.42</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Trial-2</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">MBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">9.11</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">30.5</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12.72</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12.85</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">13.83</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">15.25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">18.50</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">30.10</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Trial-3</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">CBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">9.18</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">31.66</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">10.37</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">10.55</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11..30</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12.42</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">15.08</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">24.22</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Trial-4</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TBBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">8.26</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">29.76</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11.52</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11.67</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12.58</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">13.93</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">17.23</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">28.07</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Trial-5</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">CBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">8.32</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">30.29</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11.23</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11.42</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12.28</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">13.53</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">16.50</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">26.50</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Trial-6</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">TBBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">8.58</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">30.28</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12.00</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12.17</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">13.08</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">14.45</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">17.73</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">28.73</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Trial-7</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">CBS</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">8.34</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.85pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">29.67</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11.60</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11.68</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12.58</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">13.92</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">17.13</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.9pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">27.92</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">CC - compound code, AD - Accelerator dosage, ML - Minimum torque,</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">MH - Maximum torque, TS2 - Scorch time, TC90 - 90% Cure time</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>TENSILE STRENGTH:</b> </div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Compound</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>code</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Accelerator</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Dosage(phr)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Tensile strenth(kg/cm2)</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-1</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">TBBS(0.5)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">235.2</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-2</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">MBS(0.5)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">229</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-3</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CBS(0.5)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">229.3</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-4</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">TBBS(0.45)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">232</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-5</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CBS(0.45)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">228.6</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-6</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">TBBS(0.4)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">227.4</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-7</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CBS(0.4)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">225.3</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
<b>TEAR STRENGTH:</b> </div><br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Compound</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>code</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Accelerator</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Dosage(phr)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Tear strenth(N/m)</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-1</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">TBBS(0.5)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">116.7</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-2</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">MBS(0.5)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">106.3</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-3</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CBS(0.5)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">112.7</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-4</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">TBBS(0.45)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">92.6</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-5</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CBS(0.45)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">114.5</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-6</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">TBBS(0.4)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">98.8</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-7</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CBS(0.4)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">98.1</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
<b>HARDNESS:</b> </div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Compound</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>code</b> </div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Accelerator</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Dosage(phr)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: black black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Hardness</b> </div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>(Shore A)</b> </div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-1</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">TBBS(0.5)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">60</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-2</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">MBS(0.5)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">60</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-3</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CBS(0.5)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">60</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-4</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">TBBS(0.45)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">60</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-5</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CBS(0.45)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">60</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-6</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">TBBS(0.4)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">59</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Trial-7</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CBS(0.4)</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) black black rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">59</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
<b>OVERALL ANALYSIS:</b> </div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">TBBS/CBS have better rheo properties as those accelerators shows good cure properties as compared to MBS. TBBS/CBS takes lower scorch time, cure time and also faster cure rate. Also the cure properties of these batches are better for processing safety.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">By analysing the physical properties also we can conclude at the point that, TBBS/CBS can replace MBS. The tensile strength, tear strength, and hardness are also good as compared to MBS.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Also MBS is carcenogenic, we want to replace it by using an eco-friendly accelerator. Analysing of all batches shows that the Trial-1&3 batches are more comparable with control batch in physical as well as cure properties.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">CONCLUSION:-</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Since MOR is carcinogenic material its usage is banned in European & other foreign countries. So to adhere to the regulatory requirement this has to be eliminated from the product.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ø Since the cure rate is matching with 0.4 phr of CBS & TBBS, this can be substituted for 0.5 phr MOR.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ø There is a cost advantage of Rs:42 per batch (approx: 200Kg).</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><b>REFERENCES</b> <br />
<b>:</b> </div><br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">1. Rubber Technology - By C.M. Blow.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">2. Physical Testing Of Rubber (Second Edition) - By R.P. Brown.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">3. Rubber Technology (Third edition) - By Maurice Morton.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">4. Hand Book of Rubber Technology - By Hoffman.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">5. Polymer Science - By Gowariker.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">6. Tyre Technology - By Kovaic.</div><br />
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<iframe align="right" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=polyme0b-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=B003XKPPOU&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 21.25pt 0in 10pt 35.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-39920599304930623602010-09-02T07:35:00.000-07:002010-09-01T18:29:52.559-07:00IMPACT ON RCL CRACK WITH PBD SOURCE AND COMPOUND VISCOSITY<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 11" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 11" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///D:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///D:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><o:smarttagtype name="State" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="PlaceType" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="PlaceName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">IMPACT ON RCL CRACK WITH PBD SOURCE AND COMPOUND VISCOSITY</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">By<o:p></o:p></span></i> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: #3333ff;">GEORGE JOSEPH</span></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p> <br />
</o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p> <br />
</o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p> </o:p></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: left;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #ff6666;">SCOPE OF PRESENT STUDY</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">To survive in the competent market,the tyre must be durable.The rectification of tyre defects must be done to increase tyre durability.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">One of the major defects observed in tyres is RCL crack which occurs in the sidewall region.The main reason for RCL crack is the improper viscosity level of sidewall compound which results in an incorrect flow of rubber during molding.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The main objective of the present work is to check and reduce the no.of RCL cracks in the factory by fixing a correct viscosity level for the sidewall compound and by using Poly Butadiene(PBD),which is the major polymer for making sidewall compound,from different suppliers<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-family: ";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"></span></o:p></span></u></b><o:p></o:p> <b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> Introduction</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
<b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span></b>neumatic tires are manufactured according to relatively standardized processes and machinery, in around 450 tire factories in the world. Over 1 billion tires are manufactured annually, making the tire industry the majority consumer of natural rubber. Tire factories start with bulk raw materials such as rubber, carbon black, and chemicals and produce numerous specialized components that are assembled and cured. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Tyre</st1:city></st1:place> cost is one of the major components and the measures taken to control the cost therefore can contribute significantly to the profitability. (1) tyre durability; (2) tyre retreadability and (3) tyre mileage to derive the best from the tyre. Usually these three parameters can be clubbed to form an index of measurement of tyre performance known as ‘cost per kilometer (cpkm). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i> <u>A Pneumatic Tyre</u> </i></b><i> <b>is a toroidal shaped flexible high performance composite membrane capable of containing air or fluid under pressure when mounted on a suitable rim</b></i></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><u>Parts of a Bias <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Tyre</st1:city></st1:place></u></i></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Tread <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The desirable characteristics are very good abrasion resistance with lowest heat development, good resistance to cuts and bruises and better handling characteristics like no skidding. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Separate cap and base compounds are used to achieve very good abrasion resistance at optimum heat development. The gauges of the tread are decided by the Non skid depth (NSD) and the under tread (UT). The NSD represents the wearing portion of the tyre – linked to tyre mileage and tread shuffling. The tread pattern is characterized by the geometrical shape of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooves" title="Grooves">grooves</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugs" title="Lugs">lugs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voids" title="Voids">voids</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipes" title="Sipes">sipes</a> .It is generally compounded from NR and / or blend of SBR ( Resistance to abrasion ) , PBD(provide good rebound property) ,mixed with carbon black ,oils , curative ingredients and other chemicals <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>Sidewall<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i> <br />
</i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i> </i></b>To protect the carcass from external injuries and moisture (the moisture can hrdrolyse and damage the nylon carcass or rust a steel tyre cord. The most exposed portion of the tyre. The desirable characteristics are very good flex resistance, resistance to cracks, very good ageing characteristics – Resistance to oxidants and ozone. Normally made of synthetic rubbers (PBD) with good weathering characteristics. Sidewall is fabricated in a form of rubber layer of appropriate thickness by extrusion process<b><i><u><o:p></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>Plies<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Deciding factor is the load carrying capacity and the tyre inflation pressure. The number of layers is decided based on the inflation pressure, bias angle, optimum modulus gradation and the constructional constraints like single bead or twin bead construction etc. from inner plies to outer plies to the breaker and then to the tread there shall be gradual reduction in the modulus to reduce interface strain and hence to avoid tyre failures This gradual reduction in the modulus necessitates for different EPI’s for inner and outer plies, lower denier and lower EPI for breaker.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The coating of rubber on the plies is to absorb the shear strain between the layers and to prevent cutting between the cords. The number of plies are selected based on the carcass safety factor calculation or the single cord tension calculation. The deciding factors are the contained volume of the tyre, inflation pressure and the carcass construction<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>Breakers <o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">These are short plies EPI (end per inch) cut an angle and are positioned between the tyre casing and tread to strengthen carcass against impact. They also provide cushioning effect and increase the modulus of tread area. They are also made by rubberizing dipped fabric on calendar and cutting them by cutting machine.<u><o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>Bead <o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Holds the tyre on to the rim, consists of bead wire High tensile steel wire copper or bronze coated to bond rubber to steel and to prevent rusting of bead wires. The number of beads and bead turns and strands is decided based on the bead safety factor calculation, decided by the tyre gauges, dimensions, the inflation pressure and processing and assembling constraints.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>Bead Wrap<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">It is the rubber or rubberized thin cross woven fabric strip wrapped around the insulated bead to bind them firmly. </div><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline"><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bead Apex</span></u></span><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The apex is a triangular extruded profile that mates against the bead. The apex provides a cushion between the rigid bead and the flexible inner liner and body ply assembly. Alternatively called "filler"<u><o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>Chaffer<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">To prevent chaffing of the plies against rim. and prevent the penetration of moisture and dirt into the tyre.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>Squeegee<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Protects the tube from ply cords and also protects the carcass from the moisture in the air contained in the tube. Usually made of higher green strength compounds. <o:p></o:p></div><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline"><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Belt <o:p></o:p></span></u></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Belts are calendared sheets consisting of a layer of rubber, a layer of closely-spaced steel cords, and a second layer of rubber. The steel cords are oriented radially in radial tire construction, and at opposing angles in bias tire construction. Belts give the tire strength and dent resistance while allowing it to remain flexible. Passenger tires are usually made with two or three belts.<u><o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
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margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u> </u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></u></b><st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Tyre</span></u></b></st1:place></st1:city><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> sidewall<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span></b>rincipal task of compounding is concerned with securing and acceptable balance between the demands arising from these 3 considerations namely “properties”, “price” & “processing”.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN"> <br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN">The sidewall is the part of the tire that bridges between the tread and bead. The sidewall is reinforced with rubber and fabric plies that provide for strength and flexibility. The sidewall transmits the torque applied by the drive axle to the tread in order to create traction. The sidewall, in conjunction with the air inflation, also supports the load of the vehicle. Sidewalls are molded with manufacturer-specific detail; government mandated warning labels, and other consumer information<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Sidewall is formulated to have excellent flex fatigue resistance for crack initiation and growth and minimum deterioration in properties on ageing. It should also have good flex life and must have adequate strength and toughness to resist road shocks and service abuse. Compounding involves synthetic base using <b>SBR, PBD,NR</b> blend. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Adequate carbon black reinforcement is employed and high doses of powerful antioxidant/ antiozonents are used in the compound to resist ageing and to improve flex life. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="right" class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: right;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <br />
</span></u></b></div><div align="right" class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: right;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">RCL CRACK<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Rim Centre Line(RCL) crack is one of the major defects in the tyre which occurs in the sidewall region.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u> </u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> Raw Materials Used.</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
<b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Raw rubber : Rss- 4, PBD</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Activator : Zno & stearic acid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Antidegradants : 6PPD & TMQ </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Retarder : N-cyclohexyl thio phthalimide</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Fillers : HAF</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Accelerators : TBBS, MBS,DPG,TMTM</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Peptiseres : Pentachloro thio phenol</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Tackifers : PF resin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Vulcanizing agent : Soluble & Insoluble Sulphur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Processing aid : Aromatic oil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span dir="LTR"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>RAW RUBBER<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The selection of the rubber for each part of the tyre is a complicated matter in which the blending of one or more rubbers is common practice to achive the compromise so necessary , because no one rubber is ideally satisfactory in every respect .</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Natural Rubber (NR)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica-Bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica-Bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica-Bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica-Bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica-Bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica-Bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Rubber's stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect, the Payne effect, and is often modeled as hyperelastic. Owing to the presence of a double bond in each repeat unit, natural rubber is sensitive to ozone cracking. Latex is a natural polymer of isoprene (most often cis-1,4-polyisoprene) - with a molecular weight of 100,000 to 1,000,000. Typically, a small percent (up to 5% of dry mass) of other materials, such as proteins, fatty acids, resins and inorganic materials (salts) are found in natural rubber. Polyisoprene is also created synthetically, producing what is sometimes referred to as "synthetic natural rubber". For the mechanical strength requirements of tires, NR is better than SBR or BR and offers excellent tread chipping/chunking resistance with low tire running temperatures and improved rolling resistance. Although more difficult to mix and process, it is very good in downstream processes such as extruding, calendering, and tire building. Although good in chip/chunk-type wear and in severe stress wear, it is usually faster wearing in nominal passenger and truck over-the-road tires. It offers better ice traction and excellent exibility in extreme low temperature service (ie, less than 40ºC). It is by far the preferred rubber for wire belt and textile ply/breaker coat compounds. It also provide good tear strength, abrasion flex resistance nd low heat buildup</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Polybutadiene (BR)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b> <br />
<u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Polybutadiene is produced by solution polymerisation, and one important feature governing the performance of the resultant polymer is the cis 1,4, and 1, 2 vinyl contents. High cis 1,4 polymers (>90%) have a Tg around –90 °C, and hence exhibit excellent low temperature flexibility .They also exhibit excellent resilience and abrasion resistance; unfortunately the high resilience gives poor wet grip in tyre treads, and hence this rubber finds limited use as the sole base for such compounds. As the cis 1,4 content decreases, and 1,2 vinyl content increases, the low temperature properties, abrasion resistance and resilience become inferior. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The polymerisation of butadiene results in a polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution which can be difficult to break down during mixing and milling, have low inherent tack, and the inherent elasticity of the polymer gives poor extrudability. Peptisers can be used to facilitate breakdown and hence aid processing. Due to the unsaturation present in the main chain, protection is required against oxygen, UV and ozone. Oil resistance is poor and the polymer is not resistant to aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. Polybutadiene based compounds can be cured by sulphur. Less sulphur and a higher level of accelerators are required when compared to NR. Compounds based on this polymer only give optimum properties at high filler and oil loadings.</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -0.25in 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Activator<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -0.25in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -0.25in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u>Zno & stearic acid<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -0.25in 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -0.25in 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Activators are processing additives which support vulcanization, in particular the normal sulphur cure. Actually they should be more correctly called cure activators. The most important inorganic activator is zinc oxide.. They can also enhance filler incorporation and dispersion.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Zinc Oxide and Stearic Acid system assumes dual role, namely peptizing function during Mastication and Activating function during Valcanisation. In the absence of an accelerator, the activators zinc oxide and stearic acid are ineffective in increasing the number of cross-links produced of accelerator used. Zinc oxide can, at reasonable addition levels, also assist with reduction of mould shrinkage values. Specific gravity of Zinc oxide is 5.57 & zinc oxide content is 98%. Specific gravity of stearic acid is 0.84-0.86.</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Reinforcing agents<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u><span style="font-family: AdvTimes-i;">Carbon black</span></u></b></span><b><u><span style="font-family: AdvTimes;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in;"><br />
<u><span style="font-family: AdvTimes;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in;"><u><span style="font-family: AdvTimes;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in;"><u><span style="font-family: AdvTimes;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in;"><u><span style="font-family: AdvTimes;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in;"><u><span style="font-family: AdvTimes;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: AdvTimes-i;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: AdvTimes-i;"> </span>Carbon black Material consisting essentially of elemental carbon in the form of near-spherical particles coalesced into aggregates of colloidal size, obtained by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons constituents. The main heteroatoms incorporated into the carbon structure are hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Thermal blacks typically contain less than 1% of these heteroatoms, and furnace grades less than 2–3%. The physical properties imparted to a given rubber compound by carbon black are dominated by three factors: 1) the loading of the carbon black, 2) the specific surface area of the carbon black, and 3) the structure of the carbon black.<span style="font-family: AdvTimes-i;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Carbon black is incorporated into rubber through shear forces generated by adding the carbon black to rubber in an internal mixer or open mill. Once carbon black is mixed into rubber, the resulting filled rubber compound is subjected to processes such as calendering, extrusion, and molding before it is cured to make the finished rubber good. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The addition of carbon black increases the viscosity of the compound, and these increases in viscosity can be correlated with increasing loading of the carbon black, with increasing structure of the carbon black used, and, to a lesser extent, with increasing surface area of the carbon black. These increases in viscosity with carbon black additions obviously change the flow characteristics of the filled compound. It is noted that the typical polymer by itself, when made to flow at low shear rates, will exhibit a shear stress proportional to the shear rate (Newtonian flow), whereas the carbon black–filled polymer results in highly non-Newtonian flow. </div><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Accelerators</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u>TBBS, TMTM, DPG<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: AdvTimes;"> </span>Accelerators and accelerator systems are chosen on the basis of their ability to control the following processing/performance properties of rubber compounds:</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">Time delay before vulcanization begins (scorch safety)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">Speed of the vulcanization reaction after it is initiated (cure rate)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">Extent of the vulcanization after the vulcanization reaction is complete (state of cure)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">Other factors such as green stock storage stability, fiber or steel adhesion, and bloom tendency</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Compounds classified as primary accelerators usually provide considerable scorch delay, medium-to-fast cure rates, and good modulus development. Compounds classified as secondary accelerators or ultras usually produce scorchy, very fast curing stocks.</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Vulcanisation</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><b><u>Sulphur</u></b></st1:city></st1:place><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Vulcanization<i> </i>is a chemical process where sulfur or other materials form crosslinks in the elastomer and thereby improve the polymer’s mechanical properties. The majority of cure systems in use today involve the generation of sulfur containing cross-links, usually with elemental sulfur in combination with an organic accelerator. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">As the cross-link density of the vulcanizate increases (or the molecular weight between cross-links decreases), elastic properties such as tensile and dynamic modulus, tear and tensile strength, resilience, and hardness increase whereas viscous loss properties such as hysteresis decrease. Further increases in cross-link density will produce vulcanizates that tend toward brittle behavior. Thus at higher cross-link densities such properties as hardness and tear and tensile strength plateau or begin to decrease<span style="font-family: AdvTimes;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><img align="left" height="216" hspace="12" shapes="_x0000_s1032" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.jpg" width="264" /><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">CV, conventional vulcanization system; SEV, semi efficient vulcanization system; PV, peroxide vulcanization system.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Specifcation of Soluble Sulfur</u>:-<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Specific gravity : 2.05 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Solubility in CS : 98% (min)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Ash content : 0.1% (max)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Acidity : 0.1 %(max)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <br />
</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Processing Oils<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u>Aromatic oil<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Petroleum oils are offered to the rubber industry to meet two basic processing and compound requirements: to act as a processing additive, or to act as a rubber extender and softener. The classification depends upon the oil volume added to the rubber compound. As processing additives, the oil addition level is usually no more than 5-10 phr; for additions in excess of this the oils are regarded as extenders. All process oils used by the rubber industry are in practice mixtures of all classes of the three components, the mixtures deriving their classification from the preponderance of the main constituent type.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Aromatic - major portion ≥35% Ca</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Paraffinic - major portion ≥50% Cp</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Naphthenic - major portion ≥30-40% Cn</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">In general terms, oils of an aromatic preponderance give best processability in general purpose rubbers, such as NR and SBR, but are prone to causing stains, can give poor odour and may contribute to poor ageing resistance. There is a growing awareness that continuous contact with aromatic oils can represent a health hazard.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Paraffinic oils are less effective as processing additives, but also have less effect upon ageing, giving good colour and contact staining behaviour. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Naphthenic oils give characteristics midway between the other two types. Oils of the three types are offered in a range of viscosities and this will influence their processing character to some extent </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">The temperature influenced rate of change of viscosity is much greater for the aromatic oils than for the paraffinics</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The small additions of oil to a compound help with filler dispersion by lubricating the polymer molecular chains and thus increasing their mobility. There will also be some ‘wetting out’ of the filler particles which enables them to achieve earlier compatibility with the rubber and improve their distribution and dispersion speed. Process oils are controlled and marketed, within a molecular type, by viscosity which is influenced by the molecular weight and degree of branching of the molecular chains and the degree of cyclisation and aromaticity. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Viscosity Gravity Constant (VGC)<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">It is now common to use Viscosity Gravity Constant (VGC) as the criterion for choice of a processing oil. The VGC represents the overall average aromaticity of an oil independent of its molecular weight.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><i>Rubber process oils can be classified using the VGC classification:<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Aromatic - VGC <0.950</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Paraffinic - VGC <0.850</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Naphthenic - VGC <0.850 - 0.900</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>Specifications are:-<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Appearance : Dark coloured oil</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Specific gravity @ 60°F : 1.005</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Aniliene point : 45 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Say bolt viscosity : 125</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <br />
</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Antioxidants and Other Protecting Systems<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u>DPPD, 6PPD ,Wax<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">To extend the service life of vulcanized rubber goods, it is very important to protect them from oxygen, ozone, light, heat, and flex fatigue. Most natural and synthetic rubbers containing unsaturated backbones—natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), Antioxidants react with oxygen to prevent oxidation of vulcanized rubber and react with free radicals that degrade vulcanized rubber.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">There are four principal theories on the mechanisms of antiozonant protection of vulcanized rubber.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">The first is the scavenger theory, which postulates that the antiozonant competes with the rubber for ozone. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">The second theory is that the ozonized antiozonant forms a protective film on the surface of the vulcanized rubber, preventing further attack.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">The third mechanism postulated is that the antiozonants react with elastomer ozonide fragments, relinking them and essentially restoring the polymer chain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">The fourth theorized mechanism suggests that Criege zwitterions are formed from the ozonide produced.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><i><o:p> </o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><i>The various types of antidegradants are described below. <o:p></o:p></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Resistance to<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 36px; position: absolute; width: 482px; z-index: 8;"><img height="2" shapes="_x0000_s1033" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="482" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;">Type common chemical staining oxygen ozon heat flex use name name <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;">Amine DPPD Dimethyl Very Exc- Mild Exce- Good Tread&<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"> Butyl <st1:place st="on">Para</st1:place> strong Sidewall<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"> Phenylene<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"> Liamine<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"> 6PPD Dimethyl Very Exc- Good Exc- Good Sidewall <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"> Pentyl <st1:place st="on">Para</st1:place> strong<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"> Phenylene<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"> Diamine<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 5in; text-indent: -5in;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;">Wax MC Micro No Nil Exc- Nil Nil Tread& <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in -9.35pt 0.0001pt 189.35pt; text-indent: -189.35pt;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 10pt;">Wax crystalline Sidewall <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="height: 3px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 482px; z-index: 9;"><img height="3" shapes="_x0000_s1034" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="482" /></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Paraffinic waxes generally protect better at low temperatures, Due to the slow migration of microcrystalline wax, it provides longer term static protection from ozone cracking. Blends (paraffin waxe, microcrystalline)offer a wider temperature range of protection. Waxes are used for, only static ozone protection. During dynamic flexing the barrier of wax is exposed owing to breaking of the wax film. Therefore, reactive antiozonants are required for dynamic ozone crack resistance.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-indent: 0.25in;">The amount of wax addition to a rubber compound will depend upon a number of factors:</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">the type of rubber being protected</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">the required appearance of the rubber product</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">the temperature of service for the component </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">the type of service - static or dynamic</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">the effect of filler type</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">the effect of process oils</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">the rate of wax migration to rubber surface</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">the type of wax being used.</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u> <br />
</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Specification of 6PPD:-<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Specific Gravity : 1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Melting point : 47°C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Ash content @ 950 °C : 0.1 (max)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Specification of Wax Blend:-<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Specific gravity : 0.91 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Drop melting point : 64 – 70 °C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Ashy content @ 950 °C : 0.1% (max) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <br />
</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tackifers <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u>Phenol Formaldehyde Resins<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Both thermoplastic and thermoset phenol formaldehyde resins find application in rubber compounds. The thermoplastic resins act as excellent tackifiers whilst the thermoset resins act as plasticisers during processing then crosslink to give a reinforcement structure to the compound. Suitable resins for many applications can be tailored by variation in the type of phenol and the ratio of formaldehyde. Lower levels of formaldehyde produce tackifying properties whilst the higher formaldehyde levels contribute, in the presence of hexamethylene tetramine during the rubber cure, to a greater degree of resin polymerisation within the rubber network creating a crosslinked structure which contributes to the hardness and abrasion properties of the compound.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The various types of resin have been discussed above. However, the listings for these materials have been categorised to indicate their prime usage in the industry and have been assigned according to the manufacturers classification:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Homogenising resins</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Petroleum resins and proprietary blends</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Reinforcing/bonding resins</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Resins for adhesives</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Tackifier and dispersing resins</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Vulcanising resins.</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="right" class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: right;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <br />
</span></u></b></div><div align="right" class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: right;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">mixing<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The key words, homogeneous and dispersion, seem to sum up the principal purposes of most mixing operations: the various ingredients must be dispersed evenly so that the product is the same (homogeneous) everywhere. If the mixer has done a perfect job, each ingredient is evenly intermingled with every other and even the smallest sample taken from any part of the product is identical to any other sample.</div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The four main components of mixing are<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Incorporation</span></u></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Incorporation means each individual particle must be thoroughly wetted and form a coherent mass.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Distribution</span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: Incorporated material should be distributed all over the medium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispersion</span></u></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In dispersion the ingredients that are in the form of agglomerates must be broken down into fine individual particles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Viscosity reduction</span></u></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> During mixing, considerable reduction in viscosity of rubber occurs, due to effective molecular break down. Viscosity reduction enhances the processability of rubber.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Due to the partly elastic nature and very viscosity of rubber, power intensive, sturdy machinery like mixing mills and internal mixers are necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><i><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mixing is usually done in two ways <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="ss" style="line-height: normal; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;">Rolling mill mixing.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="ss" style="line-height: normal; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;">Mixing by internal mixers.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Rolling mill mixing.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #231f20;"> The rolling mill is furnished with two rolls. The rolls have internal water-cooling. Both roll have slightly different peripheral speeds giving a more efficient mixing. The ratio of the roller speeds is 1:1.2. the power rating is around 200kw with a roll of 20 rpm. Typical mixing cycle takes 30 min. and batch size are 60-79 kg. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #231f20;"> At mixing, the mix is following one of the rolls and additives are added in between the two rolls. During mixing the gap is slightly opened. After mixing, the rubber strips is cut in slices and fed in between the rolls, a number of times. This is ensure through mixing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #231f20;"> An important difference between rolling mills and batch mixers is that the former gives a good mix while the latter gives a fast mix. Furthermore, technological opportunities in the rolling mill mixing procedure are nil compared to the internal batch mixers. Automatization is also a hurdle in rolling mill mixers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>2.Internal Mixers<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0.3in 6pt 0in; text-indent: -5.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The mixing in a banbury takes place in the gap between the rotor tips and the chamber walls. At the start of the cycle when the polymer is normally in large pieces and the powders are still loose, the initial breakdown and mixing takes place in the large space between the rotors and against the door top. As the material softens, flow over the rotor tips starts to take place but until the viscosity of the mix has fallen sufficiently, most of the work is done between rotors, along the rotor helix angles and between rotors and discharge door top. The area just in front of rotor tip is similar to the nip of a mill, and causes internal shear in the material. The mixer should be cooled to remove heat generated by the mechanical energy of mixing<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">The figure illustrates the equipment used for mixing<span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular;">:</span><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><img border="0" height="276" shapes="_x0000_i1029" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="575" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: 10pt;">Mixers used in rubber processing: (a) two-roll mill, and (b) internal mixer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 11;"><span style="height: 393px; left: 60px; position: absolute; top: -36px; width: 363px;"><img height="393" shapes="_x0000_s1036" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image028.jpg" width="363" /></span></span><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Mixer Size /Type : 11D BANBURY MIXER</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Chamber Volume : 237 Liters<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Number of wings : 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Discharge Door Type : DROP<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Electrical motor : 415 VOLTS 3 PHASE 50 HZ</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0.3in 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b>BASIC OPERATING CYCLE<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Start Ram up<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 3in; text-indent: -45pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Hopper door open<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 3in; text-indent: -45pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Discharge door closed<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Charge Add ingredients <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoList" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Close hopper door<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoList" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ram down<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoList" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mix for required period<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Open discharge door <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Close discharge door Raise ram<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Open hopper door Return to start <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Extrusion</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> Sidewall is made by extrusion technique. After final batch, the mixed compounds are then lead to the extruder. The rubber compound is given continuous shape by forcing it through a die. The extrudate is cooled, cut into specified length and stored<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">Hot feed extruder of 8 inch size - dedicated for sidewall extrusion <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ss" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Flow characteristics of rubber is necessary for an understanding of extrusion. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="height: 148px; left: 0px; margin-left: -60px; margin-top: 48px; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 10;"><img alt="Text Box: Shear Stress" class="shape" dpi="96" height="148" shapes="_x0000_s1035" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image029.gif" width="33" /></span>Rubbers are strongly non-Newtonian; i.e. the rate of shear deformation is not proportional to the shear stress. The shear rate increases more than proportionality to stresses</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">At any given shear stress, the shear rate increases with temperature.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">The rate of flow under a fixed stress is time dependent</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR">Rubbers show more or less elastic recovery when the deforming stress is remove<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AGaramond-Regular; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mixing </span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">The mixing was carried out in two stages. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>1<sup>st</sup> stage:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">This stage include master batch preparation. Here the black and other compounding except curatives, accelerator, retarder were mixed with rubber. The mixing was done in a 11D internal mixer at 150ºC. The capacity of internal mixer is 237 kgs & the rotor speed has been adjusted to 60 rpm.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>2 <sup>st </sup>stage:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">A portion of Master batch along with Curing agents ,accelerators, retarder are mixed in a 11D internal mixer mixer at 118ºC. The capacity of internal mixer is 237 kgs & the rotor speed has been adjusted to 40 rpm. The final batch was done after 24 hrs of ageing the stocks were sheeted out in the open mixing mill(33cm x 15cm) having 1:1.4 friction ratio at a nip of 1/8”. Mixing temperature and time were controlled for all the batches.</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0.3in 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">MIXING process are accepting on the basis of following tests<o:p></o:p></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0.3in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Master batches : Specific Gravity, Moony Viscosity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Final batches : Specific Gravity, Moony Viscosity, Mooney Scorch <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> and Rheological properties<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -0.25in 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"> Moulding<i> & </i>Testing<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Moulding & Vulcanisation<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The Moulding of test specimens were done a steam heated single daylight press (INDEX PELL) with a platen size of 24” X 24” having 12” round size. The mould were preheated to the vulcanization temperature. After mounding the curd sample were cooled upon removal from the mould to room temperature and conditioned at ambient temperature for 24 hrs before testing.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Following test samples were molded for study </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><b><u>Tensile and tear sample <o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 55.55pt; width: 445px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 7.65pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 7.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 165.7pt;" width="221"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;">CURE TIME</div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 168.3pt;" width="224"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;">TEMPERATURE</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 8.05pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 8.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 165.7pt;" width="221"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;">60 min</div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 8.05pt; width: 168.3pt;" width="224"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;">141.7 °C</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <u>Testing<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b>1. Mooney Viscosity Measurements (ASTM D 1646-81)<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Mooney viscosity is defined as the shearing torque resisting rotation of a cylindrical metal disk (or rotor) embedded in rubber within a cylindrical cavity. The test provides information on processability of the compound.The Mooney scorch time, and Mooney viscosity were also determined by using a Monsanto automatic Mooney Viscometer (MV 2000). Condition is ML(1+1.5) at 135°C. The testing procedure was conducted according to the method<b> </b>described in ASTM D 1646-94.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The Mooney Viscometer was the most common tool used to determine the processing characteristics for a given batch of rubber. Many compounders still use the Mooney to verify viscosity (which is indicative of <a href="http://www.rlhudson.com/O-Ring%20Book/glossary-gloss.html#molecularweight" target="glossary"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">molecular weight</span></a>) when obtaining raw <a href="http://www.rlhudson.com/O-Ring%20Book/glossary-gloss.html#polymer" target="glossary"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">polymer</span></a> stock. This works because a compound’s resistance to being moved by the Mooney’s internal rotor is directly linked to its viscosity.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><img border="0" height="251" shapes="_x0000_i1030" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image031.jpg" width="319" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times;"> From the chart of the mooney unit v/s time the scorch time can be easily determined by noting the time where the cure turns upwards. A 5 point raise above taken from the mooney cure are <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Times;">MV Minimum viscosity<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Times;">t5 Time to scorch at Mv + 5 units <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Times;">t35 Time to cure at Mv + 35 units <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-family: Times;">t1 Cure index which is t35 – t5 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Specifications<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Standards <span style="font-size: 11pt;"> ASTM-D1646, ISO-289<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Rotor Speed : 2 RPM<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Graphic Output Curves generated : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 2.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> MOONEY viscosity curve<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 2.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Scorch curve <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 2.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Stress relaxation curve. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 2.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Temperature curve of the upper and lower die<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Sample Volume : Two piece test specimen having a combined - volume of 25 ± 3cm3 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Temperature 135 </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">°</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span>2.Rheometer <o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Rheometer is a versatile instrument used in rubber industry to study curing characteristics of rubber compounds. Basically, it consists of a bi-conical rotor oscillating at desired arc inside in a heated cavity, filled with a rubber compound. The resistance offered to rotor by the compound is measured in terms of torque v/s time. The Rheometer curve give useful information on compound safety, cure rate, optimum cure etc.. From the </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">data Tc 90, ML, MH, Ts2 of compounds were found out from the plot of torque Vs time , scorch time (Ts2), time for 90% cure (tc 90) and cure rate can be calculated .</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><i>There are two main types of Rheometers currently in use: the <b>ODR</b> and the <b>MDR</b></i>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u>ODR <o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>1 Cure rate<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Cure rate = <u>MH - ML</u> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Tc 90 – Ts2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Cure rate is the rate at which stiffness (modulus) develops after the scorch point. During this period, compound changes from a soft plastic to a tough elastic material, owing to the introduction of cross-links.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><u>Minimum Torque(ML)<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">It is a measure of the viscosity of the stock at the test temperature. The Rheometer minimum torque is proportional to the Moony Viscosity when both the tests are conducted at same temperature.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><u>Maximum Torque(MH)<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">It is the measure of the stiffness or shear modulus of the the test specimen at the test temperature. It is also an effective measure of the changes in tensile modulus and cross-link density.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"><b><u>Induction Time ( Ts2)<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">It is the time corresponding to 2 unit rise in torque about ML. It is a measure of the time available for mold flow. At lower temperature Ts2 is a processability measure similar to mooney scorch.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b>5 <u>Optimum Cure ( Tc 90 )<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">It is the time to achieve 90% of the maximum torque .<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Tc 90 = [( MH – ML ) X 90/100] + ML<o:p></o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-family: TimesTen-Roman;">Rheometer Cure Curve<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><img align="left" height="285" hspace="12" shapes="_x0000_s1037" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image033.gif" width="408" /><span style="font-family: ";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: ";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: ";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Monsanto Moving Die Rheometer (MDR – 2000)<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -2.15pt 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">It also measure the cure characteristics of the compound. It differs from ODR 2000 in the following respect. In MDR 2000 there is no separate disc, instead the lower half of the die oscillates at 1.66 hz (100 cpm). The reaction torque measured at the upper die correlates with the degree of vulcanization as a function of cure time. The parameters measured from the rheograph are ;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 63pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Minimum Torque ( ML )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 63pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Maximum Torque ( MH )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 63pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Optimum Cure ( Tc 90 ) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 63pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR">Tan∂ </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 45pt;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">MDR holds the sample between a pair of heated dies (metal plates forming a cavity). As one of the dies moves across a small arc, the other die gauges the reaction torque generated in the sample. This again results in a cure curve that can show the optimum cure time for the desired blend of properties.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">MDR generates 3 curves S’, S" and Tan Delta.The MDR produces a cure curve labeled S’ which is similar to the ODR curve</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">S’ is called the storage modules, elastic modulus or in phase modulus. S" is called the loss modulus, viscous modulus, or out-of-phase modulus. All of these terms have been used to mean the same thing. The unit of S’ and S" in the product family instruments are in lbs. These are units of torque. They can also be in dnm. Which are also torque units.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 0in;">Tan∂ = <u>Loss modulus ( S”)</u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 0in;">Storage Modulus ( S’)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 0in;">The smaller the Tan delta, then the more viscous the material.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Specific Gravity<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Specific gravity of the compounds was determined according to IS:3400 and compared with theoretically calculated value.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Physical Properties<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b>Tensile properties (ASTM D 412)</b><b><span style="font-family: Neurochrome;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt -63pt 6pt 0in;"><u>Molding<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Cure condition 60 min at 141.7 ºC </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The final compounds were for 24 hours before molding. The compounds were sheeted out at the required thickness using laboratory mill. Molding was done in a 24” X 24” steam heated automatic press at 141.70 ºC and 75 Kg /sq.cm pressure. The mould pieces were cooled in water and conditioned at 23_+2 and 50% RH for 24 hours before testing.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u>Equipment:<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">INSTRON- 4301 Tensile tester with a crosshead speed of 500 mm/ min (ASTM D 412)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><u>Sample preparation :<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The test pieces are punched out from the vulcanized sheets, parallel to the mill grain direction. Dumb bell types are most popular whereas ring types test pieces are also used to a limited extent.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Total length : 15mm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Width of ends : 25+_1mm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Width of the narrow parallel portion : 6+_0.4mm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Length of the narrow parallel portion : 33+_2mm </div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><u>Test:<o:p></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><img align="left" height="232" hspace="12" shapes="_x0000_s1038" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image035.gif" width="276" /> The test were carried out at 23+_2ºC dumb bell specimens were placed in the grips of INSTRON universal testing machine. Two grips were also there, one inch apart to indicate elongation. There were fixed to the sample in the narrow region. <span style="text-transform: uppercase;">a</span>rea corresponding to the thickness was fed to the microprocessor. <span style="text-transform: uppercase;">t</span>he rate of separation of grip was 20 inch per min. After testing tensile strength, elongation at break, moduli were noted. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Tensile strength:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">It is the tensile load per unit cross sectional area of the original cross section within the narrow parallel portion of the test specimen at the point of breakage of the test specimen.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Tensile strength (psi) = <u> load at break </u> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Initial cross sectional area</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Modulus:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0.25in 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">It is the stress per unit cross sectional area of the original cross section with in the narrow parallel portion pf the test specimen for a particular elongation. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Eg:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">300 % modulus (psi) = <u>load at 300% elongation<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Initial cross sectional area</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Elongation at break:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">It is the elongation within the narrow parallel portion of test specimen at the point of breakage of the test specimen expressed as percentage. Elongation describes the ability of the rubber to stretch without breaking.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">Elongation at break = <u>length at break- initial length x100</u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Initial length</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Tear strength (ASTM D 634)<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The test were carried out at 23+- 2 ºC dumb bell specimens were placed in the grips of INSTRON universal testing machine. Two grips were also there, one inch apart to indicate elongation. These were fixed to the sample in the narrow region. Area corresponding to the thickness was fed to the microprocessor. The rate of separation of the grip was 20 inch per min. after testing tensile strength, elongation at break, moduli were noted. The result is expressed in Kg/cm or lbs/inch instruments.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">Tear strength= load required to tear the specimen / specimen thickness<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Shore A Durometer Hardness (ASTM D 2240) </u></b> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN"> </span></b><i><span lang="EN">Hardness may be defined as a material's resistance to permanent indentation</span><o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Shore A hardness is a measure of resistance to the penetration of an indenter of specified size and shape forced in to the test specimen. The hardness is measured in Shore A Hardness units ranging from zero to hundred.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">This test method permits hardness measurements based on either initial indentation or after a specified period of time or both. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Test specimen:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The minimum dimensions of the specimen are 30mm diameter, and 6mm thick, tensile pads may be tested for hardness by sticking two pads of similar hardness.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The surface of the specimen must be flat and as free of surface irregularities possible.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Conditional specimen at 23 ºC + 2ºC for a minimum of 16 hours testing.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><u>Procedure<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN"> Durometer, like many other hardness tests, measures the depth of an indentation in the material created by a given force on a standardized presser foot. This depth is dependent on the hardness of the material, its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticity" title="Viscoelasticity">viscoelastic</a> properties, the shape of the presser foot, and the duration of the test. ASTM D2240 durometers allows for a measurement of the initial hardness, or the indentation hardness after a given period of time. The basic test requires applying the force in a consistent manner, without shock measuring the hardness (depth of the indentation). If a timed hardness is desired, force is applied for the required time and then read. The material under test should be a minimum of 6.4 mm (.25 inch) thick.<u><sup><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></u></span></div><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;"> <br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> <u> Tables and Graphs<o:p></o:p></u></span></i></b></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: right;"><b><i><u><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">RCL Crack on the basis of PBR source<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Comparison of tensile properties.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.15pt; width: 625px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.2pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Compound A<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Compound B<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.2pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Compound C<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kg/Sq.Cm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kg/Sq.Cm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kg/Sq.Cm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">197.45<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">192.303<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">206.95<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">177.853<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">183.597<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">193.745<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">188.524<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">184.308<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">208.502<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">194.663<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">162.017<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">214.447<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">189.134<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">141.011<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">227.099<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">194.009<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">182.649<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">198.44<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">195.676<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">173.82<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">194.753<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">193.041<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 158.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">192.02<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 147.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">210.809<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.Comparison of tear strength.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.15pt; width: 625px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 40.45pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 40.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Compound A<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.45pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Compound B<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.45pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Compound C<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kg/Sq.Cm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kg/Sq.Cm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Kg/Sq.Cm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">70.061<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">67.612<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">75.119<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">80.478<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">59.713<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">87.699<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">770.92<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">86.65<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">90.446<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">84.885<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">70.063<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">70.049<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">83.576<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">76.483<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">92.534<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">82.149<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">77.182<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">76.841<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">74.031<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">80.126<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">73.435<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.5pt; width: 152.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">79.818<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">61.165<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.5pt; width: 154.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="207"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">70.655<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.Comparison of hardness.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.15pt; width: 626px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.9pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 30.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 144.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Compound A<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 30.9pt; width: 158.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Compound B<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 30.9pt; width: 166.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="221"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Compound C<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.45pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 144.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">57<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">51.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="221"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">57<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.45pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 144.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">55<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">54.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="221"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">58.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.45pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 144.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">55<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">54<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 15.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="221"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">57.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Comparison of RCL crack by using different sidewall compounds<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 614px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.05pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">No.of tyres followed<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">No.of RCL cracks<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.05pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.05pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound B<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1200<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">160<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.05pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1200<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">180<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.05pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 20.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><i><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">GRAPHS<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><img border="0" height="219" shapes="_x0000_i1031" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image037.gif" width="576" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><img border="0" height="258" shapes="_x0000_i1032" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image039.gif" width="576" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><img border="0" height="249" shapes="_x0000_i1033" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="576" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><img border="0" height="298" shapes="_x0000_i1034" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image043.gif" width="576" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: right;"><u><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">RCL crack on the basis of compound viscosity<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Viscosity comparison<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.9pt; width: 602px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.15pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 26.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 26.15pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound B</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 26.15pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound C</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">55<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">54<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">61<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">58.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">58<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">57<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">57<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">58<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">52<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">59<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">55<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">57<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">63<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">60<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.1pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.1pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.1pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.85pt; width: 156.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; width: 146.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="195"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.85pt; width: 148.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">62<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.9pt; width: 602px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.25pt;"> <td style="border-style: solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.25pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound D<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.25pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound E<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 16.25pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound F<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">64<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">81.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">72<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">82.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">72.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">79.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">75<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">84.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">76<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">74.9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">73<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">79.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">78<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">73.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">82<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">77<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">74<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.15pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.15pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">76.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.15pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">77<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.9pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 13.9pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.9pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">78.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 13.9pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">75<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.9pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 13.9pt; width: 146.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.9pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><br />
</td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.9pt; width: 145.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="194"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Avg. Viscosity&no.of RCL cracks<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.9pt; width: 627px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid none none solid; border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; height: 14.5pt; width: 153.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
</td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; height: 14.5pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Avg.Viscosity<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; height: 14.5pt; width: 189.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="253"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">No.of RCL cracks<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; height: 14.5pt; width: 153.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound A<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">56.83<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 14.5pt; width: 189.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="253"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; height: 14.5pt; width: 153.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound B<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">59.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 14.5pt; width: 189.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="253"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">200<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.2pt;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.2pt; width: 153.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Compound C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; height: 15.2pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">60.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.2pt; width: 189.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="253"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">225<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">GRAPHS<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><img border="0" height="303" shapes="_x0000_i1035" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="636" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">2.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Avg.viscosity&no.of RCL cracks<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><img border="0" height="382" shapes="_x0000_i1037" src="file:///D:/DOCUME%7E1/VISHNU%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image049.gif" width="636" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b><i>Comparison of Results.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">1.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TENSILE STRENGTH<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">On comparing with B&C,compound A have most of it’s tensile strength values in the desired limit(190 ±5 kg/sq.cm) for making a sidewall compound.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TEAR STRENGTH<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">On comparing with other two compounds,compound A have most of it’s tear strength values in the allowable limit.(80±5).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">HARDNESS<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">Compound A has it’s hardness in the desired range (55±2) for making sidewall.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">RCL by using different sidewall compounds<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">By using compound A,the RCL crack was 2%,which was 13.33% for compound B and 15% for compound C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">2.Viscosity</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">By using compound A ,the avg.viscosity of sidewall compound obtained was 56.83 which comes within the specified limit of viscosity for a sidewall compound.(57±2).The no.of RCL cracks for this viscosity level was 1.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">For compound B,the avg viscosity obtained was 59.5 and the no.of RCL cracks for this viscosity level was 200.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">By using compound C,the avg viscosity obtained was 60.7 and the no.of RCL cracks were 225.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">■ <u>Based on PBR source<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">From the tests and observations,the no.of RCL cracks were tremendously decreased by using compound A.Out of 50 tyres by compound A,the no.of RCL cracks were only 1.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">A mong other two compounds,compound B was better than compound C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">■ <u>Based on compound viscosity<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;">The no.of RCL cracks were very low in the viscosity level below 60.Thus the present viscosity level(62±2) can be shifted to 57±2.<u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div><span dir="LTR"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-81098452979796308962010-09-01T16:31:00.001-07:002010-09-01T08:40:10.182-07:00Conducting polymers<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=polyme0b-20&l=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B002M3SOC4" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /><br />
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</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">For the last century, technology has blossomed in an age of plastics. We drive cars with plastic parts, we wear eyeglasses with plastic lenses, and we sip mineral water from plastic bottles. Plastic cell phones connect us to family and friends, and plastic keys typed these very words. Plastics may now be entering additional avenues of technological greatness based on one of their newer properties-electrical conductance.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: center;"><i><b></b></i></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: center;"><i><b></b></i></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: center;"><i><b></b></i></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: center;"><i><b></b></i></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: center;"><i><b></b></i></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: center;"><i><b><img alt="untitled.JPG" height="252" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/9426/40966814.jpg" width="244" /></b></i><iframe align="right" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=polyme0b-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=B002M3SOC4&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;"></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: left;"><i><b></b></i></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: center;"><i><b></b></i></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: center;"><i><b></b></i></div><br />
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</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i><b>POLYMER PRODUCTION. Illustration shows a side view of a liquid-crystalline template that has assembled into a honeycomb pattern on a piece of gold. Researchers use an electric field to polymerize monomers inside the liquid crystals' cores (red).</b></i><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;">Hulvat</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">First discovered in the 1970s, conducting polymers have made it into a few small-scale commercial applications, such as antistatic coatings on photographic film and light emitting diodes in a display of maintenance information on an electric razor.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">Now, however, a range of development efforts aims to put conducting polymers to use in products as diverse as paper-thin televisions and sensors for chemical-weapons detectors. Meanwhile, polymer scientists are doing fundamental research, seeking ever more conductive plastic materials.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">One major thrust of this work is to figure out how to make existing conducting plastics more orderly on the molecular level. Disorder limits the polymers' conductivity and can hinder their performance in electronic devices. In two recent reports centered on the leading conducting polymer, researchers describe progress in the quest for more order.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Conductive polymers offer a unique combination of properties that make them attractive alternatives for traditional conducting materials in certain applications. These unusual polymers, which are conducting rather than insulating, offer properties such as ion permeability and an alterable chemical structure that allows conductivity to be controlled, which provides exciting possibilities for new applications.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The relative lightness and ease of processing of these polymers is driving adoption in numerous niche markets. Scientists are focusing on making conducting polymers technologically and economically competitive with metallic conductors and as ubiquitous in the marketplace.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">"Since the first doped polyacetylene, a conducting polymer, was developed more than two decades ago, the main challenges to commercializing these materials have centered around making them stable so that they have long operating life times," states Technical Insights Analyst Joe Constance.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Devices incorporating conducting polymers require a balance of conductivity, processability, and stability and recent research has been able to optimize all three properties simultaneously. Lowering the conductivity resistance of polymers, which is two to three times greater than that of metals, is the main concern of commercializing efforts.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">"The number of potential products in which conducting polymers can be used is nearly unlimited, ranging from plastic batteries to compact discs," says Constance.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Applications in anticorrosion coatings, lighting displays, plastic batteries, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, antistatic textiles, and welding materials have already been targeted and are being developed.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The mechanical flexibility and tunable optical properties of some of these polymers make them attractive materials for optical and electronic devices. They can be used in light-emitting devices (LEDs) to replace silicon as the substrate material in clock radios, appliance and instrument readouts, automotive dashboard displays, and aircraft cockpit displays.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">For now, the electronics industry will mainly benefit from the technology, using the materials in EMI shielding and electronic circuits. The detection and monitoring industries have already started using conducting polymers for sensors in electronic noses that detect environmentally hazardous chemicals, factory emissions, and flavors or aromas in food products.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The future for this technology lies in all-polymer batteries, injection-molded antistatic products, printed circuit boards, electrochromic smart windows and automotive rear vision systems, paint primers, antistatic flooring and work surfaces, and conducting pipes for mining explosives.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 7.5pt 0in 0pt;"></div><div style="color: #ff6600; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>Plastics that conduct</b><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">Before the 1970s, plastics' closest association with electricity was as the insulation around electrical wires. The discovery of conducting polymers has been regarded as so important that it was recognized with the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (SN: 10/14/00, p. 247). Three researchers who had worked together at the University of Pennsylvania-Alan Heeger of the University of California, Santa Barbara, Alan MacDiarmid of the University of Pennsylvania, and Hideki Shirakawa of the University of Tsukuba in Japan-shared that award.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">A theme in the development of conducting polymers has been chemists' ingeniously capitalizing on mistakes. Both luck and insight played roles in the discovery of the first conducting polymer, a form of the material called polyacetylene. As its name implies, this polymer molecule is built from smaller molecules of acetylene, the substance that burns in welders' torches.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">While trying to make ordinary polyacetylene, a researcher visiting Shirakawa's laboratory in Japan accidentally added 1,000 times the usual amount of polymerization catalyst to a vessel containing acetylene. Instead of yielding what looked like a typical plastic, the reaction produced a shiny, metallic-looking material. Working on a hunch they had developed from experiments on inorganic materials that conduct electricity, the three future Nobel laureates added small amounts of bromine or iodine gas to remove some electrons from the plastic. Called doping, this process afforded the strange polyacetylene's remaining electrons enough freedom to move rapidly up and down the polymer's molecular chains.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">But polyacetylene has one important flaw: It decomposes quickly in air. Researchers, however, soon formulated other electrically conductive plastics. One of the best studied, most stable, and most commercially important of these is a class of polymers called polythiophenes, whose members are made up of repeating units called thiophenes. It's "the conducting polymer of choice," says materials scientist George Malliaras of Cornell University.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">However, while polythiophenes have many superior properties, researchers can't easily align the molecules within a sample, which limits current flow.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">"The properties of the materials are definitely limited by disorder," says Heeger, who in 1990 cofounded the company UNIAX, which was purchased by DuPont in 2000, to commercialize conducting polymers.</div><br />
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<div style="color: #3366ff; margin: 7.5pt 0in 0pt;"><b>Orderly polymers</b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">A different type of accident contributed to the discovery of a way to make a well-ordered, conducting polythiophene. In May 2000, Hong Meng, a student working in chemist Fred Wudl's laboratory at the University of California, Los Angeles, made a sample of a thiophene monomer known as 2,5-dibromo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and sealed it in a jar. In March 2002, when Meng retrieved the jar, he discovered that the white crystalline powder he'd prepared now looked like shiny, black crystals. Because Wudl's lab studies conducting polymers, it has a rule that any metallic-appearing material that a researcher makes or finds must be tested for electrical conductivity.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"><img alt="ghkhgd.JPG" height="228" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/2732/ghkhgd.jpg" width="223" /></div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Meng</span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i><b>POLYMER LIGHT. White crystals of a thiophene monomer don't conduct electricity (above). After heat polymerizes the material, it turns black and conducts electricity well enough to turn on a lightbulb (below).</b></i></span></div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"><i><img alt="ghmghm.JPG" height="226" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/4158/ghmghm.jpg" width="229" /></i></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;"><br />
</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;">Meng</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">As it turned out, the Wudl team discovered that Meng's material-a polymer that formed in the jar when the stored monomers linked up-conducted electricity better than commercially available versions of the same polythiophene.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">The transformation of monomer powder into a solid polymer material had not been seen before in a polythiophene, says Wudl. He suspected that this so-called solid-state transformation might have created a polymer in a highly ordered, defect-free, crystalline form-locking in the regimented orientation of the original monomer components. This kind of organization doesn't appear in polythiophenes created via the standard procedure of mixing catalysts and other additives with monomers in solution.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">What had caused the transformation in the storage jar? Was it light? Heat? In laboratory experiments, Meng, Wudl, and their coworker Dmitrii Perepichka found that they could polymerize the monomer in a solid-state reaction simply by heating it. And the reaction didn't need to take 2 years. It could be achieved in just a day, or even several hours, by heating the material to 60°C or 80°C, respectively, the researchers reported in the Feb. 10 <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. That's well below the monomer's melting temperature of 96°C.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">To conduct electricity, a polymer needs to be doped so that electrons can move freely. As it happened, Meng's 2-year reaction on the UCLA shelf had itself taken care of this doping. Each monomer contained two bromine atoms, and during the material's polymerization, some carbon-bromine bonds broke. This liberated bromine gas had doped the polymer, the researchers found.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">In subsequent experiments, the team added steps that remove the bromine dopant and replace it with iodine. This increases the polymer's conductivity.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">While this conducting plastic looks crystalline to the naked eye, experiments revealed that it's not really crystalline nor as highly ordered as solid-state reactions might be able to produce, says Wudl. Now, he says, his lab and others will try to use the solid-state synthesis to create even more highly ordered polythiophenes.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">If a solid-state reaction can produce crystals of polythiophenes, Malliaras comments, researchers will have the opportunity to examine them in ways that will provide a better fundamental understanding of the materials. "If you can enhance the properties of the conducting polymer, you might be able to enhance the properties of the devices" that you make of it, he says.</div><br />
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<div style="color: #ff9966; margin: 7.5pt 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>Polymer templates</b></span></div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">With an approach that seems the opposite of accidental discovery, Samuel Stupp's lab at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., is also searching for better conducting polythiophenes. Stupp and James Hulvat, also at Northwestern, have created a novel template for organizing thiophene monomers into more highly aligned arrangements. Made of liquid crystal, this template holds the monomers in place while they polymerize.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: center;"><img alt="ghkhg.JPG" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/324/ghkhg.jpg" style="height: 199px; width: 383px;" /></div><br />
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<div style="font-style: italic; margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i style="font-style: italic;"><b>TEMPLATE ASSEMBLY. Liquid crystals assemble in water to form a honeycomb pattern. Monomers become confined and oriented in the hydrophobic cores (red), where they polymerize.</b></i><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-style: italic; margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Hulvat</span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;"></div><i><b></b></i><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">Liquid crystals are fluid materials that nonetheless contain particles arranged in a very uniform structure. The liquid crystals chosen by Stupp and Hulvat are gels made of tiny cylinders, just 3 nanometers wide, that in water assemble into a honeycomb pattern. The inside of the cylinders are water-avoiding, as are monomers of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. When the researchers mixed the gel and the monomers, the monomers sequestered themselves within the dry interiors of the cylinders. Hulvat and Stupp then used an electric field to polymerize the molecules inside the cylinders.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">This procedure resulted in the formation of polythiophene molecules, all lined up in the same direction. After the scientists washed away the liquid crystal, they were left with a polymer film that retained the nanoscale and microscale structure of the liquid-crystal cylinders, says Stupp.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">Hulvat and Stupp described these results in the Feb. 17 <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. In further experiments, preliminary tests of conductivity supported the researchers' expectations. The more regularly oriented polymer structure conducted electricity better than less regularly structured versions of the same polymer.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">Moreover, light-emitting diodes containing the highly aligned material performed better than light-emitting diodes using the disordered material, says Stupp.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">Using liquid crystals as a template is clever and promising, says Heeger. After all, "we cannot reach in there and pull on each molecule and align each one separately," he says.</div><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">Hulvat and Stupp say that by using different liquid-crystal templates, they expect to achieve a wide variety of molecular orientations. No single orientation will be the best choice for every application.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">As scientists wield ever more refined control over the structures of conducting polymers, these materials may extend the Plastics Age into the indefinite future.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;">********</div><br />
<div style="margin: 7.5pt 0in 0pt;"><b>References:</b></div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;">Hulvat, J.F., and S.I. Stupp. 2003. Liquid-crystal templating of conducting polymers. <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i> 42(Feb. 17):778-781. Abstract available at <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390206">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390206</a>.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;">Meng, H., D.F. Perepichka, and F. Wudl. 2003. Facile solid-state synthesis of highly conducting poly(ethylenedioxythiophene). <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i> 42(Feb. 10):658-661. Abstract available at <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390181">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390181</a>.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 7.5pt 0in 0pt;"><b>Further Readings:</b></div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;">Gorman, J. 2000. Nobel Prize recognizes future for plastics. <i>Science News</i> 158(Oct. 14):247. References and sources available at <a href="http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20001014/fob8ref.asp">http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20001014/fob8ref.asp</a>.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 7.5pt 0in 0pt;"><b>Sources:</b></div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;">Alan J. Heeger<br />
Institute for Polymers and Organic Solids<br />
Department of Physics and Materials<br />
University of California, Santa Barbara<br />
Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5090</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;">James F. Hulvat<br />
Department of Materials Science and Engineering</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-927057296495428882010-09-01T16:31:00.000-07:002010-09-01T08:26:31.741-07:00Tubless Tyres<span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image081.gif" height="46" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/530/image081.gif" width="222" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>The</b> innerliner is made of halobutyl compound. (Normal tube compound is based on butyl rubber, which is not compatible with natural and synthetic rubbers. Hence we have to use halobutyl compound which is compatible with natural and synthetic rubbers). This acts as an impermeable membrane inside the tyre preventing the air loss.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b> As</b> against the normal practice of using fabric chafer in tube type tyre, the same is replaced with rubber chafer in tubeless tyres. This ensures the sealing of the tyre with rim for sealing.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b> A</b> special valve is used as there are no tubes.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> In case of a small puncture the rate of air loss is slow as the halobutyl layer is bonded to the carcass. It seals itself like in an injection bottle. In a tube type tyre, the tube is independent of the tyre and in case of puncture, it deflate fast. The slow rate of air loss makes tubeless tyres safer.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b> There</b> are no tubes. Hence tube related problems also.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> Reduction in overall weight of the tyre rim assembly. Hence better fuel-efficient. (Approximately around 1%)</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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</div><div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><a href="http://www.bridgestone.co.in/tyre/tyreknowledge/tubeless/repair.asp" title="REPAIRING METHODS OF TUBELESS TYRES">REPAIRING METHODS OF TUBELESS TYRES</a></i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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</b></span></div><div style="color: #ff6666; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 78%;"><b>There are 3 repairing methods available</b> in the Indian market i.e. Plug method, Filler method and Patch method</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="color: red; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>A, PATCH METHOD</i></b> <b>Tools and Material used</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><br />
File</b><br />
For roughening the surface of the area to be repaired.<br />
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<b>Patched</b><br />
Readymade patches are available in the market, price depending upon the size used. Some repairers use their own patches made out of damaged tubes.<br />
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<b>Solution</b><br />
Adhesive used for applying the patch.<br />
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<b>DISADVANTAGE</b><br />
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Applying a patch inside the tyre stops air leakage due to puncture, however the steel belts get exposed to water, moisture, dew, etc. from outside which might lead to cut separation damage.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><b><i>B, PLUG (MUSHROOM) METHOD</i></b> <b>Tools and Material used</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<b>Hand Drill</b><br />
Used for cleaning and making the hole proper.<br />
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<b>Inserter</b><br />
Used for inserting the plug stem into puncture hole.<br />
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<b>Solution</b><br />
Adhersive used for applying the plug.<br />
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<b>Blades</b><br />
Used for trimming the extra repair compound above puncture surface.<br />
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<b>Advantage</b><br />
This method is the proper and effective method of tubeless repair. The repair from tyre inside gives a permanent, strong and airtight repairing.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>Repairing using plug method</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<img alt="image084.png" height="258" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/7966/image084.png" width="438" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><b><i>C, FILLER METHOD</i></b> Tools and Material used</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
Probe</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> Used for displacing the steel cords for easy applications of repair compound, without enlarging the hole or removing any rubber from the tyre.<br />
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<b>Repairing Tool (Allen Wrench)</b><br />
Used for placing the repair compound in place perfectly.<br />
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<b>Repair compound</b><br />
Used for filling the puncture. It forms bond with the tyre compound after application.<br />
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<b>Solution</b><br />
Adhesive used for applying the filler material.<br />
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<b>Blades</b><br />
Used for trimming the extra compound above puncture surface outside the tyre.<br />
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<b style="color: #ff6666;">Advantages</b><br />
In this method it is not necessary to de-mount the tyre from rim, thus there is no need to do the balancing again and also there is no chance of bead damage.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><b style="color: #ff6666;">Disadvantages</b><br />
Stiff ridges are formed on the inner liner of the tyre due to hardening of the repair compound which prohibits further use of tubes with the tyre. (If tube has to be used, then proper grinding of tyre inner surface has to be done, to remove the hardened repairingcompound).</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image087.jpg" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/4498/image087i.jpg" style="height: 240px; width: 564px;" /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"></span><br />
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</div><div style="color: #ff9966; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b><i>TUBE TYPE AND TUBELESS TYRE</i></b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><img alt="image091.jpg" height="246" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/1324/image091i.jpg" width="492" /></b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image093.jpg" height="485" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/7474/image093o.jpg" width="588" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image095.jpg" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/8629/image095u.jpg" style="height: 312px; width: 592px;" /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 85%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image097.jpg" src="http://img576.imageshack.us/img576/2338/image097i.jpg" style="height: 303px; width: 570px;" /></span><br />
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<div style="color: #ff9966; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #ff9966; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Conclusion</span></div><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 85%;"><b> In</b></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 85%;">case of a small puncture the rate of air loss is slow as the halobutyl layer is bonded to the carcass. It seals itself like in an injection bottle. In a tube type tyre, the tube is independent of the tyre and in case of puncture, it deflate fast. The slow rate of air loss makes tubeless tyres safer.<b>A</b> special valve is used as there are no tubes.Thereare no tubes. Hence tube related problems also .Reduction in overall weight of the tyre rim assembly. Hence better fuel-efficient. (Approximately around 1%).</span><br />
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</span>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-80181299169685563422010-09-01T08:31:00.000-07:002011-03-27T09:49:31.047-07:00CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><iframe align="right" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=polyme0b-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=B003Y6G9FW&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><br />
</span></div><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;">CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS</span></div><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Controlled drug delivery occurs when a polymer, whether natural or synthetic, is judiciously combined with a drug or other active agent in such a way that the active agent is released from the material in a predesigned manner. The release of the active agent may be constant over a long period, it may be cyclic over along period, or it may be triggered by the environment or other external events. In any case, the purpose behind controlling the drug delivery is to achieve more effective therapies while eliminating the potential for both under- and overdosing.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">In recent years, controlled drug delivery formulations and the polymers used in these systems have become much more sophisticated, with the ability to do more than simply extend the effective release period for a particular drug. . In addition, materials have been developed that should lead to targeted delivery systems, in which a particular formulation can be directed to the specific cell, tissue, or site where the drug it contains is to be delivered.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Providing control over the drug delivery can be the most important factor at times when traditional oral or injectable drug formulations cannot be used. These include situations requiring the slow release of water-soluble drugs, the fast release of low-solubility drugs, drug delivery to specific sites, drug delivery using nanoparticulate systems, delivery of two or more agents with the same formulation, and systems based on carriers that can dissolve or degrade and be readily eliminated. The ideal drug delivery system should be inert, biocompatible, mechanically strong, comfortable for the patient, capable of achieving high drug loading, safe from accidental release, simple to administer and remove, and easy to fabricate and sterilize.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">DRUG DELIVERY CARRIERS</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Colloidal drug carrier systems such as micellar solutions, vesicle and liquid crystal dispersions, as well as nanoparticle dispersions consisting of small particles of 10-400 nm diameter show great promise as drug delivery systems. When developing these formulations, the goal is to obtain systems with optimized drug loading and release properties, long shelf-life and low toxicity. The incorporated drug participates in the microstructure of the system, and may even influence it due to molecular interactions, especially if the drug possesses amphiphilic and mesogenic properties.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Recently, as a result of as a result of rapid development of novel nanotechnology-derived materials, a new generation of polymer therapeutics has emerged, using materials and devices of nanoscale size for the delivery of drugs, genes and imaging molecules. These materials include polymer micelles, polymer-DNA complexes (polyplexes), liposomes, and other nanostructured materials for medical use that are collectively known as nanomedicines.</div><br />
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<b>Figure 1.</b> Pharmaceutical carriers</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">MICELLES</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Micelles formed by self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers (5-50 nm) in aqueous solutions are of great interest for drug delivery applications. The drugs can be physically entrapped in the core of block copolymer micelles and transported at concentrations that can exceed their intrinsic water- solubility. Moreover, the hydrophilic blocks can form hydrogen bonds with the aqueous surroundings and form a tight shell around the micellar core. As a result, the contents of the hydrophobic core are effectively protected against hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation. Total molecular weight and block length ratios can be easily changed, which allows control of the size and morphology of the micelles. Functionalization of block copolymers with crosslinkable groups can increase the stability of the corresponding micelles and improve their temporal control. Substitution of block copolymer micelles with specific ligands is a very promising strategy to a broader range of sites of activity with a much higher selectivity.</div><br />
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<b>Figure 2.</b> Block copolymer micelles</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">LIPOSOMES</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Liposomes are a form of vesicles that consist either of many, few or just one phospholipid bilayers. The polar character of the liposomal core enables polar drug molecules to be encapsulated. Amphiphilic and lipophilic molecules are solubilized within the phospholipid bilayer according to their affinity towards the phospholipids. Channel proteins can be incorporated without loss of their activity within the hydrophobic domain of vesicle membranes, acting as a size-selective filter, only allowing passive diffusion of small solutes such as ions, nutrients and antibiotics.</div><br />
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<b>Figure 3.</b> Drug encapsulation in liposomes</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">DENDRIMERS</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Dendrimers are nanometer-sized, highly branched and monodisperse macromolecules with symmetrical architecture. They consist of a central core, branching units and terminal functional groups. The core together with the internal units, determine the environment of the nanocavities and consequently their solubilizing properties, whereas the external groups the solubility and chemical behaviour of these polymers. Targeting effectiveness is affected by attaching targeting ligands at the external surface of dendrimers, while their stability and protection from the Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) is being achieved by functionalization of the dendrimers with polyethylene glycol chains (PEG).</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">LIQUID CRYSTALS</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Liquid Crystals combine the properties of both liquid and solid states. They can be made to form different geometries, with alternative polar and non-polar layers (i.e., a lamellar phase) where aqueous drug solutions can be included.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">NANOPARTICLES (BOTH NANO SPHERES AND NANO CAPSULES)</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Nanoparticles (including nanospheres and nanocapsules of size 10-200 nm) are in the solid state and are either amorphous or crystalline. They are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Nanocapsules are vesicular systems in which the drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymer membrane, while nanospheres are matrix systems in which the drug is physically and uniformly dispersed. Nanoparticles as drug carriers can be formed from both biodegradable polymers and non-biodegradable polymers. In recent years, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention as potential drug delivery devices in view of their applications in the controlled release of drugs, in targeting particular organs / tissues, as carriers of DNA in gene therapy, and in their ability to deliver proteins, peptides and genes through the peroral route.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">HYDROGELS</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Hydrogels are three-dimensional, hydrophilic, polymeric networks capable of imbibing large amounts of water or biological fluids. The networks are composed of homopolymers or copolymers, and are insoluble due to the presence of chemical crosslinks (tie-points, junctions), or physical crosslinks, such as entanglements or crystallites. Hydrogels exhibit a thermodynamic compatibility with water, which allows them to swell in aqueous media. They are used to regulate drug release in reservoir-based, controlled release systems or as carriers in swellable and swelling-controlled release devices. On the forefront of controlled drug delivery, hydrogels as enviro-intelligent and stimuli-sensitive gel systems modulate release in response to pH, temperature, ionic strength, electric field, or specific analyte concentration differences. In these systems, release can be designed to occur within specific areas of the body (e.g., within a certain pH of the digestive tract) or also via specific sites (adhesive or cell-receptor specific gels via tethered chains from the hydrogel surface). Hydrogels as drug delivery systems can be very promising materials if combined with the technique of molecular imprinting.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the area of drug discovery, facilitated by novel technologies such as combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening. These novel approaches have led to drugs which are generally more potent and have poorer solubility than drugs developed from traditional approaches of medicinal chemistry (Lipinsky, 1998) [1]. The development of these complex drugs has resulted in a more urgent focus on developing novel techniques, to deliver these drugs more effectively and efficiently.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Figure 4: Conventional and Ideal drug release profiles</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">As can be seen in Figure 4, the conventional oral and intravenous routes of drug administration do not provide ideal pharmacokinetic profiles especially for drugs, which display high toxicity and/or narrow therapeutic windows. For such drugs the ideal pharmacokinetic profile will be one wherein the drug concentration reached therapeutic levels without exceeding the maximum tolerable dose and maintains these concentrations for extended periods of time till the desired therapeutic effect is reached. One of the ways such a profile can be achieved in an ideal case scenario would be by encapsulating the drug in a polymer matrix. The technology of polymeric drug delivery has been studied in details over the past 30 years and numerous excellent reviews are available (Gombotz and Pettie [2], 1995; Sinha and Khosla [3], 1998; Langer[4], 1998).</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The three key advantages that polymeric drug delivery systems can offer are:</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Localized delivery of drug: The product can be implanted directly at the site where drug action is needed and hence systemic exposure of the drug can be reduced. This becomes especially important for toxic drugs which are related to various systemic side effects (such as the chemotherapeutic drugs).</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Sustained delivery of drugs: The drug encapsulated is released over extended periods and hence eliminates the need for multiple injections. This feature can improve patient compliance especially for drugs for chronic indications, requiring frequent injections (such as for deficiency of certain proteins).</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Stabilization of the drug: The polymer can protect the drug from the physiological environment and hence improve its stability <i>in vivo</i>. This particular feature makes this technology attractive for the delivery of labile drugs such as proteins.</div><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Figure 5. Possible drug release mechanisms for polymeric drug delivery</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">As shown in Figure 5, the drug will be released over time either by diffusion out of the polymer matrix or by degradation of the polymer backbone. This continuous release of the drug could potentially lead to a pharmacokinetic profile close to the ideal case scenario depicted in Figure 4.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The continuous release of drugs from the polymer matrix could occur either by diffusion of the drug from the polymer matrix, or by the erosion of the polymer (due to degradation) or by a combination of the two mechanisms. Several reviews have been presented on the mechanisms and the mathematical aspects of release of drugs from polymer matrices (Batycky et al., 1997) [5]; Brazel and Peppas, 2000 [6]; Comets et al., 2000). For a given drug, the release kinetics from the polymer matrix are governed predominantly by three factors, viz. the polymer type, polymer morphology and the excipients present in the system. The subsequent sections will focus on each of these three factors to describe their role on drug release characteristics of a polymeric system</div><br />
The Polymer<br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">An appropriate selection of the polymer matrix is necessary in order to develop a successful drug delivery system. The polymer could be non-degradable or degradable. A major disadvantage with non-degradable polymers is that a surgery is required to harvest these polymers out of the body once they are depleted of the drug. Hence, non-degradable polymers can be used only if removal of the implant is easy (such as an ocular implant). Degradable polymers on the other hand do not require surgical removal and hence are preferred for drug delivery applications. However, since they degrade to smaller absorbable molecules, it is important to make sure that the monomers are non-toxic in nature. The most commonly used polymers for this application are Polylactide (PLA) and Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA). These polymers have been used in biomedical applications for more than 20 years and are known to be biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. Degradation of lactide based polymers and in general all hydrolytically degradable polymers, depends on the following properties:</div><br />
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<b>Chemical composition:</b> The rate of degradation of polymers depends the type of degradable bonds present on the polymer. In general, the rate of degradation of different chemical bonds follows as Anhydride > Esters > Amides.</li>
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<b>Crystallinity:</b> Higher than crystallinity of a polymer, slower is its rate of degradation.</li>
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<b>Hydrophilicity:</b> If the polymer has a lot of hydrophobic groups present on it, then it is likely to degrade slower than a polymer which is hydrophilic in nature.</li>
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<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Polylactides are known to be more hydrophobic as compared to PLGA and take a longer time to degrade. Among the polylactides, DL-PLA, which is a polymer of D and L-lactide, degrades faster than L-PLA, which is a homopolymer of L-lactide, presumably due to lesser crystallinity. Similarly, the more hydrophobic end-capped PLGA polymers degrade faster than the carboxyl-ended PLGA.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">In spite of the several apparent advantages of PLA and PLGA based polymers, commercialization of products based on these polymers has certain limitations. One of the major concerns is that more than 500 patents have been issued for various applications of these polymers. Hence, patent infringement may become a concern in developing new products. In addition, PLA and PLGA polymers have certain inherent limitations in terms of flexibility for applications. Due to these concerns, several new polymers are presently being explored for applications in drug delivery. Some of the new polymers which are in clinical or preclinical development stage are:</div><br />
<ol type="1"><li style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Polyorthoesters (Heller[7] et al., 2000)</li>
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<a href="http://www.chem.psu.edu/faculty/allcock/biomater.htm">Polyphosphazenes</a><br />
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<li style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Polyanhydrides (Shieh[8] et al., 1994)</li>
<li style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Polyphosphoesters.</li>
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">The use of new natural polymers as drug carriers has received considerabl attention in the last few years. One of the goals of such systems is to prolong the residence time of a drug carrier in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The bioadhesive bond can be of a covalent, electrostatic, hydrophobic, or hydrogen bond nature. Ionic polymers are reported to be promising for biadhesive medical applications, and an increased charge density will also give better adhesion, suggesting that the electrostatic interactions are of great importantace.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Polymer Morphology</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Morphology of the polymer matrix plays an important role in governing the release characteristics of the encapsulated drug. The polymer matrix could be formulated as either micro/nano spheres, gel, film or an extruded shape (such as cylinder, rod etc). The shape of the extruded polymer can be important to the drug release kinetics. For example, it has been shown that zero order drug release can be achieved using a hemispherical polymer form. Polymer microspheres are the most popular form due to manufacturing advantages as well as ease of administration (injectability by suspending in a vehicle). Polymer microspheres can be manufactured by using various techniques such as spray drying, solvent evaporation etc (O'Donnell and McGinity 1997 [9]; Hermann and Bodmeier 1998; Witschi and Doelker 1998). The type of techniques used affects, factors such as porosity, size distribution and surface morphology of the microspheres and may subsequently affect the performance of the drug delivery product.</div><br />
Excipients<br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Polymeric drug delivery products can be formulated with excipients added to the polymer matrix. The main objective of having excipients in the polymer matrix could be either to modulate the drug release, or to stabilize the drug or to modulate the polymer degradation kinetics. Recent studies by Schwendeman and coworkers (Zhu and Schwendeman, 1999; Zhu et al., 2000)[10] have shown that by incorporating basic salts as excipients in polymeric microspheres, the stability of the incorporated protein can be improved. It has shown that these basic salts however also slow the degradation of the polymer. Similarly, hydrophilic excipients can accelerate the release of drugs, though they may also increase the initial burst effect.</div><br />
Nanoparticles prepared from hydrophilic polymers<br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">Other than commonly used synthetic hydrophobic polymers active research is now focused on the preparation of hydrophilic polymers like chitosan, sodium alginate, gelatin,etc. Different methods have been adopted to prepare naanoparticles from hydrophilic polymers. Several hydrophobic-hydrophilic carriers having limited protein-loading capacity have prepared by using organic solvents.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">Hydrophilic nanoparticles based on Chitosan receive currently increasing interest as they could control the rate of drug release, prolonging the duration of the therapeutic effect, and deliver the drug to specific sites in the body. Chitosan can form nanoparticles using, amongst other methods, ionotropic gelation. This method is based on the gelation of Chitosan when it comes in contact with specific polyanions due to the formation of inter and intramolecular cross-linkages mediated by these polyanions.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">REVIEW OF LITERATURE</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Over the past few decades, there has been considerable interest in developing biodegradable efficiency nanoparticles (NPs) as effective drug delivery devices. Various polymers have been used in drug delivery research as they can effectively deliver to a target site and thus increase the efficiency, while minimizing side effects [11]. The controlled release (CR) of pharmacologically active agents to the specific site of action at the therapeutically optimal rate and dose regimen has been major goal in designing such devices. Liposomes have been used as potential drug carriers instead of conventional dosage forms because of their unique advantages which include ability to protect drugs from degradation, target the drug to the site of action and reduce the toxicity or other side effects [12].</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">However developmental works on liposomes, due to their inherent problems such as low enscapsulation efficiency, rapid leakage of water-soluble drug in the presence of blood components and poor storage stability. On the other hand, polymeric nanoparticless offer the some specific advantages over liposomes. Polymeric nanoparticles help to increase the stability of drugs and controlled release of drugs especially protein drugs.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Nanoparticles generally vary in size from 10- 1000 nm. The drug is dissolved, entrapped, or attached to a nanoparticle matrix. Depending upon the method of preparations, nanospheres or nanocapsules can be obtained. Nanocapsules are vesicular systems in which the drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymer membrane, while nanospheres are matrix systems in which the drug is physically and uniformly dispersed. In recent years, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have attracted attention as potential drug delivery devices in view of their applications, the controlled release of drugs, their ability to target organs / tissues, as carriers of DNA in gene therapy, and in their ability to deliver proteins, peptides genes through a peroral route of administration [13, 14].</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The present review details latest on the above mentioned polymers as well as nanoparticles based on chitosan [16], gelatin [15], sodium alginate[17] and other hydrophilic biodegradable polymers. The PLA, PGA and PLGA polymers become tissue compactible have been used earlier as controlled release formulations as in parental and drug delivery applications [18,19].</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">PREPARATION OF NANO PARTICLES</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Conventionally nps have been prepared mainly by two methods:</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">(1) dispersion of the pre formed polymers,</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">(2) polymerization of polymers.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">DISPERSION OF THE PRE FORMED POLYMERS</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Several methods have to be suggested to prepare biodegradable nanoparticles from PLA, PGA and PLGA.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">In this method polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent like dichloromethane, chloroform or ethyl acetate. The drug is dissolved or dispersed into the pre-formed solution, and this mixture is then emulsified into an aqueous solution to make an oil (O) in water (W) ie., O/W emulsion by using a surfactant or emulsifying agent like gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, polysorbate-80 etc. After the formation of the stable emulsion, organic solvent is evaporated by increasing the temperature/under pressure or by continuous stirring. The W/O/W method has also been prepared the water soluble drug-loaded nanoparticles [20]. Both the above method use the high-speed homogenization or sonication, however these procedures are good for a laboratory scale operation, but for a large scale pilot production, alternative methods using low-emulsification are required.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">SPONTANEOUS EMULSIFICATION OR SOLVENT DIFFUSION METHOD</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">This is the modified version of the solvent evaporation method [21, 22]. Here the water soluble solvents like acetone or methanol along with the water insoluble organic solvent like dichloromethane or chloroform were used as the oil phase. Due to the spontaneous diffusion of water soluble solvent, an interfacial turbulence is created between the two phases leading to the formation of smaller particles. As concentration of water-soluble solvent increases, a considerable decrease in particle size can be achieved.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">SALTING OUT /EMULSIFICATION-DIFFUSION METHOD</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The above methods require the use of the organic solvents which are hazardous to the environment as well as the physiological system, in order to meet the requirements. Allemann and co workers have developed two methods of preparing nanoparticles. The first one is the salting-out method and second one is the emulsification-solvent diffusion technique.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES BY SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Conventional methods like solvent evaporation, coacervation and in-situ polymerization often require the toxic solvents and or surfactants, therefore research efforts have been directed to develop the environmentally safer encapsulation methods to produce drug -loaded micron and submicron size particles. If solvent impurities remain in the drug-loaded nanoparticles, then these become toxic and may degrade the pharmaceuticals within the polymer matrix. Supercritical fluids have now became the attractive alternatives, because these are environmentally friendly solvents and the method can be profitably used to process particles in high purity and without any trace amount of the organic solvent.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">NANOPARTICLES PREPARED FROM HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Other than commonly used synthetic hydrophobic polymers active research is now focused on the preparation of hydrophilic polymers like chitosan, sodium alginate, gelatin etc. Different methods have been adopted to prepare nanoparticles from hydrophilic polymers. Several hydrophobic-hydrophilic carriers having limited protein-loading capacity have prepared by using organic solvents. Calvo and co-workers have reported a method to prepare hydrophilic chitosan nanoparticles [23] [24] .</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The preparation method involves ionic gelation, with a mixture of two aqueous phases, one of which contains chitosan and a di block copolymer of ethylene oxide (EO) and other contains a polyanion sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). In this method, the positively charged amino group of chitosan interacts with the negatively charged TPP. The size (200-1000nm) and zeta potential (+20mV and +60mV) of the nanoparticles produced were modulated by varying the composition of chitosan with the PEO-PPO diblock polymer.</div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">DRUG LOADING</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">A successful nanoparticle system may be the one which has a high loading capacity to reduce the quantity of the carrier required for administration. Drug loading into nanoparticles is achieved by two methods: one is by incorporating the drug at the time of the nanoparticle preparation or secondly by absorbing the drug after the formation of nanoparticles by incubating them in the drug solution. It is thus evident that a large amount of the drug can be entrapped by the incorporation method.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The capacity of absorption is thus related to the hydrophobicity of the polymer and specific areas of the nanoparticles. In case of the entrapment method, an increase in the concentration of the monomer, increases the association of the drug, but a reverse trend is observed with drug concentration in the dispersed solution. These results indicate that there is a need to optimize the amount of monomer available for the drug entrapment. In addition to the absorption and incorporation anew method of drug loading for water-soluble drugs.In this method, the drug was chemically conjugated to the nps.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">DRUG RELEASE</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Drug release from nanoparticles and the subsequent biodegradation are important for developing the successful formulations. The release rate of nanoparticles depends on</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">(1) desorption of the surface-bound /absorbed drug</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">(2) diffusion through the np matrix</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">(3) diffusion (in case of nanocapsules) through the polymer wall .</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">(4) nanoparticle matrix erosion</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">(5) Combined erosion/diffusion process.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">Thus diffusion and the biodegradation govern the process of drug release.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">Methods to study in-vitro release are</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">(1) side-by-side diffusion cells with artificial or biological membranes</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">(2) dialysis bag diffusion technique</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">(3) reverse dialysis sac technique</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">(4) ultracentrifugation</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">(5) ultrafiltration</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">SURFACE PROPERTIES OF NANO PARTICLES</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">SURFACE CHARECTERIZATION METHODS</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Many techniques have been developed and used to study the surface modification of nanoparticles. The efficiency of surface modification can be measured either by estimating the surface charge, density of functional groups or an increase in surface hydrophilicity. One method used to determine the surface modification is to determine zeta potential of aqueous suspension containing nanoparticles. In this method the mobility of the charged particles are monitored by applying an electrical potential. The zeta potential values may be negative or positive depending upon the nature of the polymer or material used for the surface modification. The extent of surface hydrophilicity can be predicted from the values of zeta potential. This is the widely used technique to understand the surface charges of nanoparticles.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Another commonly used technique is Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) also called X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). This technique is based on the emission of electrons from the materials in response to the irradiation of photons of sufficient energy to cause the ionization of core level electrons. These electrons emitted at energy characteristic of atoms from which they are emitted. Since photons have low penetration energy, only those electrons pertaining to atoms at or near the surface (up to 100A<sup>o</sup>) escape and these can be counted. for each atom type ,the number of electrons emitted is related to the number of atoms of a particular type of atom.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">In another technique, surface hydrophobicity of nanoparticles can be directly measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. This technique involves column chromatography which is able to separate materials based on interaction with a hydrophobic gel matrix. The nanoparticle and the gel interaction is a function of surface hydrophobicity of nanoparticles.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">AIMS AND OBJECTIVES</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Nanoparticles and nanoformulations have already been applied as drug delivery systems with great success; and nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have still greater potential for many applications including anti-tumour therapy, gene therapy, and AIDS therapy, radiotherapy, in the delivery of proteins, antibiotics, virostatics, vaccines and as vesicles to pass the blood - brain barrier.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">Nanoparticles provide massive advantages regarding drug targeting, delivery and release and, with their additional potential to combine diagnosis and therapy, emerge as one of the major tools in nanomedicine. The main goals are to improve their stability in the biological environment, to mediate the bio-distribution of active compounds, improve drug loading, targeting, transport, release, and interaction with biological barriers. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles or their degradation products remains a major problem, and improvements in biocompatibility obviously are a main concern of future research.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">The aims of present work are to further purify the purchased low molecular weight chitosan, to investigate the different compositions to obtain an optimized nanoparticulate formation of chitosan -TPP nanoparticles and to encapsulate chloramphenicol antimicrobial drug to chitosan nanoparticles. The focus of this work is to find out how systematically manipualating processing parameters in the TPP initiated chitosan gelation to obtain predictable and optimal chitosan nanoparticles properties for application of antibacterial drug delivery.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">MATERIALS AND METHODS</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Chitosan polymers, derived from crab shell, in the form of fibrils flakes were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Sodium Tripolyphosphate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Chloramphenicol from Sigma-Aldrich.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. All other materials and reagents used were of analytical grade of purity.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">METHODS</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Purification of Chitosan polymer</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles (ionic gelation of chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate).</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Drug (chloramphenicol) encapsulation.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Optmization and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Chitosan is a natural polymer obtained by the hydrolysis of chitin, a native polymer present in shellfish. Together with chitin, chitosan is considered the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellulose. However, unlike cellulose, the use of chitosan as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations is a relatively new development. Chitosan (poly[-(1,4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopiranose]) differs from chitin in that a majority of the N-acetyl groups in chitosan are hydrolyzed. The degree of hydrolysis (deacetylation) has a significant effect on the solubility and rheological properties of the polymer. The amine group on the polymer has a pKa in the range of 5.5 to 6.5, depending on the source of the polymer. At low pH, the polymer is soluble, with the sol-gel transition occurring at approximate pH 7. The pH sensitivity, coupled with the reactivity of the primary amine groups, make chitosan a unique polymer.</div><br />
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CHITOSAN IN CONVENTIONAL DOSAGE FORM</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Chitosan's film forming abilities lend itself well as a coating agent for conventional solid dosage forms such as tablets. Furthermore its gel- and matrix-forming abilities makes it useful for solid dosage forms, such as granules, microparticles, etc. Crystallinity, molecular weight, and degree of deacetylation were seen to be factors that affected the release rates from the chitosan-based granules. Combination of positively charged chitosan with negatively charged biomolecules, such as gelatin, alginic acid, and hyalouronic acid, has been tested to yield novel matrices with unique characteristics for controlled release of drugs</div><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">SODIUM TRI POLYPHOSPHATE</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">Industrially, sodium tripolyphosphate is prepared by heating a stoichiometric mixture of disodium phosphate,Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> and monosodium phosphate, NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> under carefully controlled conditions.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">2Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> + NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> → Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O</div><br />
CHLORAMPHENICOL(DRUG)<br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Chloraphenicol (INN) is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial. It is considered prototypical broad-spectrum antibiotics alongside the tetracyclines.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">The most serious adverse effect associated with chloramphenicol treatment is bone marrow toxicity, which may occur in two distinct forms: bone marrow suppression, which is a direct toxic effect of the drug and is usually reversible, and a plastic anemia which is idiosyncratic (rare, unpredictable, and unrelated to dose).</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">PURIFICATION OF CHITOSAN</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Since medical application of animal derived biomaterials entails an inherent risk of protein conatamination which has in recent years aroused great awareness and anziety among the public, drug companies, and the industry regulators, it is of utmost importance to ensure that chitosan intended for medical applications is of the highest purity and free of protein contamination. The origin and purity of purchased chitosan material depends on its source, season, and conditions of the chemical deacetylation process, which may vary across different suppliers. Further purification process is crucial to ensure that the starting chitosan material for nanoparticle fabrication possesses the highest purity and integrity.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">PREPERATION OF CHITOSAN NANO PARTICLE USNG IONIC GELATION METHOD</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">The preparation method involves ionic gelation, with a mixture of two aqueous phases, one which contains chitosan in acetic acid and other contains poly anion like sodium tri poly phosphate (TPP) in deionized water. TPP is nontoxic and has multivalent anions. It can form a gel by ionic interaction between positively charged amino groups of chitosan and negatively charged counterions of TPP. This interaction can be controlled by charge density of TPP and chitosan, which is dependent on the pH of the solution. The formation of particles was a result of the interaction between the negative groups of TPP and the positively charged amino groups of chitosan (ionic gelation). Formation of nanoparticles can be visualized by the formation of turbidity of the solution.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">DRUG ENCAPSULTION</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">For the preparation of drug loaded nanoparticles, Chloramphenicol solution was added to Chitosan solution, prior to the formation of the nanoparticles. Three different drug concentrations were used, in order to study the effect of the drug loading on the morphological and physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles.</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. UV spectrophotometer</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Particle Size analyzer</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">HPLC (HIGH PERFOMANCE OR PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY)</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">An HPLC system is unique among laboratory instruments because it can be assembled using components from different manufacturers and suppliers. Although many systems are sold as complete packages, a far greater number are assembled by bench level scientists and customized for specific needs. Pumps, detectors, columns, column ovens, and data management systems can all be interchanged. For example, when a pump is removed for service or the result of a breakdown, a new one can be swapped in with little or no interruption of service. Most components have their own keypad as well as a computer connection. The operator thus has a choice of running them off a central computer or via the keypads. Compared with classical column chromatography, where the columns are gravity fed and a separation can take hours or even days, HPLC can offer analysis times of 5-30 minutes. Such times are comparable to that needed for GLC analyses.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">HPLC is especially suited for the analysis of compounds not readily assayed by GLC. For example, thermally labile compounds can be analyzed by HPLC at ambient temperatures, and highly polar or nonvolatile compounds can be analyzed. Sample treatment is often minimal since aqueous solutions can be used in HPLC. Since its inception in the late 1960's, HPLC has made significant practical impact on the areas of pharmaceutical, clinical, forensic, environmental and industrial research and development analyses</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in;">COLOUMN<br />
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<b>STEP-1</b></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Preparing the System Column - If the column mounted on the system is not the correct the requisite assay, pump an appropriate storage liquid through the column and removing it. Cap the ends and return the column to the correct drawer. A column rack helps keep columns organized and makes them easy to find.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Check the column's direction of flow. This is identified by an arrow stamped on the side of the column or marked on the label. After installing the correct column, tighten the connections so they do not leak. Firm but gentle pressure should be applied to the connections. Excessive force is not required.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Mobile Phase - The mobile phase must be free of dissolved gasses so that no bubbles form inside the instrument during the run. Each system in the chromatography laboratory has a connection to a helium tank. Gently bubbling helium through the mobile phase for a few minutes will generally remove all dissolved gasses. Some laboratories use sonic baths to degas the mobile phases and many new HPLC systems are sold with degassing units built into the pump. Often the mobile phase is mixed in large quantities. When preparing a mobile phase with two or more components, be aware that large amounts of heat can be generated by the mixing process. Glass bottles may crack! The selection of mobile phases is based on the relative polarity of the analytes and the column packing. Often the addition of just a few milliliters of some ionic species will dramatically affect the analysis.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Prime the pump. Select a mobile phase by either placing the intake line in the bottle or using the keypad on the pump to select a specific bottle. Open the "prime" or the "purge" valve on the pump module. Place a beaker under the outlet. Activate the "prime" or "purge" function on the pump. If the pump does not have this function, turn up the flow and switch it on. Run the system for a few minutes. When the pump is properly primed, the system will deliver a smooth flow of mobile phase from the outlet, produce a steady sound with no burping or grinding, and the inlet line will be free of air bubbles. Turn off the pump and close the valve.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Set the detector wavelength. Turn on the detector power and allow the unit to warm up. Using the keypad or the control computer GUI, set the wavelength(s).</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Start the mobile phase flow. Use the pump controller, to set the flow rate for the mobile phase. Restart the pump. Watch the system's pressure indicator or gauges to see that it does not exceed the maximum allowed for the various components. If pressures become too high, slow down the flow rate.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify;">If pressure continues to rise, turn off the pump, and perform the following procedures:</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in auto 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">· If the system has a guard column, replace it.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in auto 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">· The analytical column may need to be back flushed. Remove the column and reverse it so that mobile phase flows through it in the wrong direction. Catch the outflow in a beaker instead of allowing it to enter the detector.To condition the column, run mobile phase through it for a few minutes. Some operators recycle their mobile phase by running the waste line outlet back into their mobile phase reservoir. Care must be taken to avoid contaminating the reservoir with old samples, or impurities from the column. Monitor the detector output, when the signal is stable, begin running the samples.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Inject the samples. Before injecting a sample, check the needle's tip. HPLC Needles have a smooth or blunt tip. Do not use a needle with a sharp tip or a tip with metal burrs. These will scratch the inner surfaces of the injector and cause it to leak. Remember this is a two-step process; syringe injection followed by turning the valve from "load" to "inject." Open the injection valves by turning them to "load." Insert needle into the plastic needle guide as far as it will go. Smoothly inject the appropriate amount of sample. After the syringe is completely empty, quickly and smoothly turn the valve to "inject." It is safe to leave the syringe in place. Start the data system recording. Behind each injector, there is a small coil of tubing. Known as the "sample loop," it holds the sample during the interval between the syringe injection and the start of the run. The sample loop can be identified by a small tag listing its volume. When the injector is set to the 'load" position this loop is isolated from the mobile phase flow. Turning the valve to "inject" diverts the mobile phase flow through the sample loop and sweeps the sample onto the column. For manual injections, as long as the sample volume is less than or equal to the loop volume, changing the loop is not necessary. More experienced with HPLC will teach how to determine a good injection volume. Column capacity, detector sensitivity, and column size, must all be balanced to obtain the best results.</div><br />
<h1 style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt;">SONICATOR</h1><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Sonication is the act of applying sound (usually ultrasound) energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes. In the laboratory, it is usually applied using an ultrasonic bath or an ultrasonic probe, colloquially known as a sonicator. In a paper machine, an ultrasonic foil can distribute cellulose fibres more uniformly and strengthen the paper.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Sonication can be used to speed dissolution, by breaking intermolecular interactions. It is especially useful when it is not possible to stir the sample. It may also be used to provide the energy for certain chemical reactions to proceed. Sonication can be used to remove dissolved gases from liquids (degassing) by sonicating the liquid while it is under a vacuum. This is an alternative to the freeze-pump-thaw and sparging methods. In biological applications, sonication may be sufficient to disrupt or deactivate a biological material. For example, sonication is often used to disrupt cell membranes and release cellular contents. This process is called sonoporation.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Sonication is commonly used in nanotechnology for evenly dispersing nanoparticles in liquids. Sonication can also be used to initiate be crystallisation processes and even control polymorphic crystallisations. Sonication is used to intervene in anti-solvent precipitations (crystallisation) to aid mixing and isolate small crystals. Sonication is the mechanism used in ultrasonic cleaning loosening particles adhering to surfaces.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">UV SPECTROSCOPY</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) involves the spectroscopy of photons in the UV-visible region. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent (near ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (NIR)) ranges. The absorption in the visible ranges directly affects the color of the chemicals involved. In this region of the electromagnetic spectrum, molecules undergo electronic transitions. This technique is complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy, in that fluorescence deals with transitions from the excited state to the ground state, while absorption measures transitions from the ground state to the excited state.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Beer-Lambert law states that the absorbance of a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing species in the solution and the path length. Thus, for a fixed path length, UV/VIS spectroscopy can be used to determine the concentration of the absorber in a solution. It is necessary to know how quickly the absorbance changes with concentration. This can be taken from references (tables of molar extinction coefficients), or more accurately, determined from a calibration cure.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">A UV/Vis is spectrophotometer may be used as a detector for HPLC. The presence of an analyte gives a response which can be assumed to be proportional to the concentration. For accurate results, the instrument's response to the analyte in the unknown should be compared with the response to a standard; this is very similar to the use of calibration curves. The response (e.g., peak height) for a particular concentration is known as the response factor.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER (BECKMANN COULTER DELSA NANO AT)</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The delsa nano utilizes photon correlation spectroscopy and electrophoretic light scattering techniques to determine particle size and zeta potential of materials,</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">offering an excellent degree of accuracy, resolution and reproducibility.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">FEATURES</div><br />
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<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Provides accurate size measurements in the range from 0.6nm to 7micro meter</li>
<li style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Sample concentration ranging from 0.001% to 40%(sample dependent)</li>
<li style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Analysis of aqueous and non-aqueous samples</li>
<li style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">It offers accurate and reliable particle size analysis.</li>
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The delsa nano AT is an optional accessory used with the delsa nano C to</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">titrate sample suspensions in a pH range from 1-13. It automatically controls the PH of solutions and performs titrations during Zeta potential or size analysis measurements.</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">EXPERIMENTAL METHODS</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">PURIFICATION OF CHITOSAN</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Purchased chitosan materials were subjected to a vigorous purification process, which involved mixing the chitosan flakes in 1M sodium hydroxide solution and continuously heated and stirred for 2h at 70<sup>0</sup>C, and filtered. The recovered flakes were washed thoroughly and dried at 40<sup>0</sup>C for 12h. These flakes were dissolved in 0.1M acetic acid and were filtered to remove residues of insoluble particles. The filtrate was made alkaline to a pH 8.0 to result purified chitosan in the form of white precipitates.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">The precipitated chitosan was washed thoroughly with deionised water and the product was vacuum dried at room temperature for 24h. These dried samples were used for the preparation of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">PREPARATION OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES (BLANK)</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Preparation of Chitosan stock solution</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">1% chitosan solution was dissolved in glacial acetic acid with the help of sonicator.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">General Method for the preparation of chitosan nanoparticles</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Chitosan solution of different concentrations and molecular weight were prepared by dissolving purified chitosan with sonication in 1% (w/v) acetic acid solution until the wolution was transparent. Once dissolved, the chitosan solution was diluted with deionized water to produce different concentrations at 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, and 0.25% (weight/volume). Sodiumtripolyphosphate (TPP) was dissolved in deionized water at concentration 0.7 mg/mL.( Table 1)</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Preparation of 0.05% chitosan/TPP nanoparticle solution</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. 1.25 mL of chitosan stock solution was transferred to a beaker and made upto 25 mL using deionised water.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. The chitosan solution was flush mixed with an equal volume of TPP solution (0.7%) using a magnetic stirrer for 2h.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. The Chitosan nanoparticle solution was formed spontaneously via TPP initiated ionic gelation mechanism.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. The particle size and polydispersity index of the chitosan nanoparticles were measured using particle size analyzer.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Preparation of 0.10% chitosan/TPP nanoparticle solution</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. 2.50 mL of chitosan stock solution was transferred to a beaker and made upto 25 mL using deionised water.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. The chitosan solution was flush mixed with an equal volume of TPP solution (0.7%) using a magnetic stirrer for 2h.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. The Chitosan nanoparticle solution was formed spontaneously via TPP initiated ionic gelation mechanism.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. The particle size and polydispersity index of the chitosan nanoparticles were measured using particle size analyzer.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Preparation of 0.15% chitosan/TPP nanoparticle solution</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. 3.75 mL of chitosan stock solution was transferred to a beaker and made upto 25 mL using deionised water.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. The chitosan solution was flush mixed with an equal volume of TPP solution (0.7%) using a magnetic stirrer for 2h.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. The Chitosan nanoparticle solution was formed spontaneously via TPP initiated ionic gelation mechanism.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. The particle size and polydispersity index of the chitosan nanoparticles were measured using particle size analyzer.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Preparation of 0.20% chitosan/TPP nanoparticle solution</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. 5.0 mL of chitosan stock solution was transferred to a beaker and made upto 25 mL using deionised water.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. The chitosan solution was flush mixed with an equal volume of TPP solution (0.7%) using a magnetic stirrer for 2h.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. The Chitosan nanoparticle solution was formed spontaneously via TPP initiated ionic gelation mechanism.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. The particle size and polydispersity index of the chitosan nanoparticles were measured using particle size analyzer.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Preparation of 0.25% chitosan/TPP nanoparticle solution</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. 6.25 mL of chitosan stock solution was transferred to a beaker and made upto 25 mL using deionised water.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. The chitosan solution was flush mixed with an equal volume of TPP solution (0.7%) using a magnetic stirrer for 2h.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. The Chitosan nanoparticle solution was formed spontaneously via TPP initiated ionic gelation mechanism.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. The particle size and polydispersity index of the chitosan nanoparticles were measured using particle size analyzer.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Table 1. Preparation of Chitosan nanoparticles</div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>CS nanoparticles(%)</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>CS polymer from stock solution(mL)</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>CS polymer solution (mL)</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.45pt;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<b>Sodium tripolyphate solution (mL)</b></div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>0.05</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">1.25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.45pt;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>0.10</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2.5</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.45pt;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>0.15</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">3.75</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.45pt;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>0.20</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">5.0</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.45pt;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>0.25</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">6.25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.45pt;" valign="top" width="158"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">25</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">PREPARATION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL LOADED CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Preparation of Chloramphenicol stock solution</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">200 mg of accurately weighed chlaramphenicol was made upto 1mL (0.2mg/µL) was prepared.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Preparation of drug loaded chitosan nanoparticles</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">For the preparation of drug loaded nanoparticles, chloramphenicol solution was added to the chitosan solution before the preparation of nanoparticles. Three different drug concentrations were used, i.e. (drug /polymer ratio) 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 were used in order to study the morphology, particle size and Polydispersity index of drug loaded nanoparticles. (Table 2)</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Table 2: Drug encapsulated Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles</div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Drug/Polymer ratio</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Chloramphenicol from stock solution(µL)</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>CS polymer solution</b></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>(%)</b></div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>2:1</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">1.25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.02</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>1:1</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2.5</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.02</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>1:2</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">3.75</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.02</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"></div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;"></div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 9pt;"></div><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none rgb(236, 233, 216);"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">CHITOSAN PURIFICATION</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Since medical applications of animal derived biomaterials entail an inherent risk of protein contamination which has recent years aroused great awareness and anxiety among the public, drug companies, and the industry regulators, it is of utmost importance to ensure that chitosan intended for medical applications is of the highest purity and free of protein contamination. It is therefore decided to further purify the purchased chitosan materials and examine whether there are changes in chemical as well as physical properties before and after purification. The origin and purity of purchased chitosan material depends on its source, season, and conditions of the chemical deacetylation process, which may vary across different suppliers. Further purification process is crucial to ensure that the starting chitosan material for nanoparticle fabrication possesses the highest purity and integrity.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">In this work, purchased chitosan materials were subjected to vigorous purification process which involved mixing, heating and stirring the solid chitosan flakes in 1M NaOH solution. Chitosan was insoluble in caustic solution, and the recovered flakes were washed thoroughly and dried at 40<sup>0</sup>C for 12 h. The NaOH treated chitosan flakes were dissolved in 0.1M acetic acid solution, and was filtered to remove insoluble residues. The purified chitosan flakes was reprecipited by adjusting pH to 8 with 1 M NaOH. The precipitated chitosan was washed thoroughly using deionized water, and product was vacuum-dried at room temperature for 24h. The dried samples were used for the preparation of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">PREPARATION OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES (BLANK)</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Chitosan's ability of quick gelling on contact with polyanions like sodiumtripolyphosphate (TPP) relies on the formation of inter-and intramolecular cross linkages mediated by these polyanions. Nanoparticles aare formed immediately upon mixing of TPP and chitosan solutions as molecular linkages were formed between TPP phosphates and chitosan amino groups. The ratio between chitosan and TPP is critical and controls the size and the size distribution of nanoparticles. The Size characteristics have been found to affect the biological performance of chitosan nanoparticles. For this reason, before drug encapsulation into chitosan nanoparticles, the effect of chitosan/TPP ratios is presented.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Chitosan solutions of different concentrations were prepared by dissolving purified chitosan with sonication in 1% acetic acid. Once didissolved, the chitosan solution was diluted with deionized water to produce chitosan solution of different concentrations at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25% (w/v). The particle size and polydispersity index of the synthesized nanoparticles were compared and found out optimum particle size and polydispersity index of the chitosan solution and this chitosan composition were used for chloramphenicol drug entrapment.</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Freshly formed nanoparticle suspensions with various chitosan percentages and TPP were analyzed by Beckman Zeta sizer and compared. Table 3. (Appemdix 1,2,3,4,5)</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Table 3. Measurement of particle size and poly dispersity index of chitosan nanoparticles</div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Sl. No</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Chitosan (%)</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Particle size (nm)</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>PDI value</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.35pt;" valign="top" width="148"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Time in hours</b></div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">1</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.05</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">3151.5 nm</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.915</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.35pt;" valign="top" width="148"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2h</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.10</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2543.1 nm</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.759</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.35pt;" valign="top" width="148"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2h</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">3</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.15</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">171.9 nm</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.229</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.35pt;" valign="top" width="148"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2h</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">4</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.20</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">100.3 nm</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.308</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.35pt;" valign="top" width="148"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2h</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">5</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.25</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">127.1 nm</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.266</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 111.35pt;" valign="top" width="148"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2h</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">The chitosan solution (0.2%) was found to be optimum particle size of 100.3nm and polydispersity index (PDI value) of 0.308 were found to be suitable composition for drug entrapement. (Graph 1)</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<img alt="image011.gif" height="410" src="http://img411.imageshack.us/img411/5153/image011g.gif" width="581" /></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">CHLORAMPHENICOL ENTRAPPED CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">For the preparation of drug loaded nanoparticles, chloramphenicol solution was added to chitosan solution with three different drug/polymer ratios. i.e. 1:2, 1:1, 2:1. Chloramphenicol loaded chitosan nanoparticles and their particle size and polydispersity index were shown. (Table 4)</div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Sl. No</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Drug/polymer ratio</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.3pt;" valign="top" width="139"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Particle size (nm)</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>PDI value</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>Time in h</b></div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>1</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">1:2</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.3pt;" valign="top" width="139"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">106.6</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.296</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2 h</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>2</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">1:1</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.3pt;" valign="top" width="139"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">110.5</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.234</div><br />
</td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2 h</div><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
<b>3</b></div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2:1</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.3pt;" valign="top" width="139"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">133.9</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">0.295</div><br />
</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(236, 233, 216); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.6pt;" valign="top" width="118"><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">2 h</div><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Graph 2. Particle size and Polydispersity index of drug loaded nanoparticles (1:2)</div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Graph 2. Particle size and Polydispersity index of drug loaded nanoparticles (1:1)<img alt="image013.gif" height="439" src="http://img411.imageshack.us/img411/1032/image013n.gif" width="576" /></div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">Graph 2. Particle size and Polydispersity index of drug loaded nanoparticles (2:1)</div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS</div></td></tr>
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">In this work, the potential of Chitosan/TPP nanoparticles as drug carriers for antimicrobial agents was investigated. Chloramphenicol, an antimicrobial agent was successfully formulated in the form of a chitosan nanoparticle system and the formulation was optimized by considering the concentration of chitosan, chitosan/TPP ratio and nanoparticle size distribution. Initially we chemically purified the commercially available chitosan polymer using NaOH and glacial acetic acid. Chitosan nanoparticles with a size of below 200 nm were obtained with chitosan concentrations of 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 %. We found out optimum chitosan nanoparticles with 0.2% polymer with a polydispersity index of 0.308. This particular chitosan/TPP composition was successfully used for chloramphenicol drug entrapment.</div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">We successfully entrapped chitosan nanoparticles with antibacterial drug chloramphenicol with different drug/polymer compositions, i.e. 1:2, 1:1, 2:1. All these compositions gave very good results with nanoparticles size in the range of 110-135 nm. Among these three compositions, the drug/polymer (1:1) ratio was found to be lowest size of 110.5nm and a polydispersity index of 0.234. This composition (drug/polymer; 1:1) was found to be successful candidate for the further studies for chloramphenicol drug delivery.</div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div></tbody> <tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none rgb(236, 233, 216);"><div style="color: #ff9900; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">REFERENCES</div><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div></div>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-88405375552695221932010-08-31T09:00:00.000-07:002010-08-31T09:00:08.678-07:00Reclaimed Rubber<span style="font-size: large;"><u style="color: #674ea7;"><b><span class="t_c_pageheading">Manufacture of Reclaimed Rubber</span></b></u></span><br />
<span class="t_c_pagecontent" style="font-size: small;"> <table><tbody>
<tr><td align="justify"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The major reclaiming processes are the following.</span></td></tr>
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</span><span class="t_c_pagecontent" style="font-size: small;"> </span> <span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><span class="t_c_SubHeading" style="font-size: small;">Sub Topics</span><ul><li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i><span class="t_c_subtopic_link">Heater or Pan Process</span></i></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i><span class="t_c_subtopic_link">Wet Digester Process</span></i></b></span></li>
<li><span class="t_c_subtopic_link"><b><i><span style="font-size: small;">Reclaimator Process </span> </i></b> </span><br />
<span class="t_c_pageheading"> </span><br />
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<div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><i><b><span class="t_c_pageheading">Heater or Pan Process</span></b></i></u></span></div><div style="color: red;"><br />
</div><span class="t_c_pagecontent"> </span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="t_c_pagecontent"><table><tbody>
<tr><td align="justify"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Any fiber present is separated mechanically and the ground fabric free scrap is blended with reclaiming agents. The same is fed into large horizontal single-shell heater. After devulcanisation, the heater cakes are removed, broken up, milled and refined. The temperature range employed during reclamation is 170-210<sup>0</sup>C, for a period of 4-12 hours.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u style="color: red;"><i><b><span class="t_c_pageheading">Wet Digester Process</span></b></i></u></span><br />
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<span class="t_c_pagecontent" style="font-size: small;"> <table><tbody>
<tr><td align="justify"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Coarsely ground scrap mixed with reclaiming and defibering agents and a large excess of water is heated in a digester. After discharge, the devulcanized rubber is washed, dewatered, dried and blended with processing agents such as oil, refined, strained and packed.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u style="color: red;"><i><b><span class="t_c_pageheading">Reclaimator Process</span></b></i></u></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u style="color: red;"><i><b><span class="t_c_pageheading"> </span></b></i></u></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="t_c_pagecontent"> <table><tbody>
<tr><td align="justify"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Whole tires are cracked to a convenient size, and the fibre is removed mechanically. The relatively fiber-free scrap is ground to approximately 30 mesh before being mixed with chemical agents for reclaiming continuously in a reclaimator. The temperature range is 204-260<sup>o</sup> C and the devulcanization time is 1-4 minutes. Reclaimed material is then mixed and blended with small proportions of reinforcing and processing agents.</span></td></tr>
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</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="t_c_pageheading">Processing Advantages of</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="t_c_pageheading"> Reclaimed Rubber</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="t_c_pageheading"> </span></b></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small;"></span> <span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: xx-small;"> <span class="t_c_pagecontent"> <table style="color: blue;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="justify"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;"></span><ol><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">
<li>Low power consumption during break down and mixing. During manufacture, reclaimed rubber has already been thoroughly plasticised so that it breaks down and mixes more quickly than the virgin rubber.</li>
<li>Low mixing, calendaring and extrusion temperature.</li>
<li>Non-critical calendaring temperature range. Reclaim is less nervy than virgin rubber and hence builds up less internal heat in the calender bank, imparting more process safety.</li>
<li>Fast, Uniform Calendering and Extrusion.</li>
<li>Improves penetration of fabric.</li>
<li>Improves tackiness and hold the same over a broader range of temperature.</li>
<li>Reduce and retard blooming of sulfur from both cured and uncured stock.</li>
<li>Low swelling and shrinkage on extrusion and calendaring.</li>
<li>Low Thermo plasticity.<br />
Due to the cross linked structure of reclaimed rubber, its compounds are less thermoplastic than virgin rubber compounds and therefore when extruded and cured in open stream, they tend to hold their shape better.</li>
<li>Low volume cost for the product</li>
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="t_c_pageheading">Major Uses of Reclaimed Rubber</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="t_c_pageheading"> </span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="t_c_pageheading"> </span></b></span></div><span class="t_c_pagecontent" style="color: blue; font-size: small;"> <table><tbody>
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<li>Passenger Tire Carcass</li>
<li>In extruded and calendared products</li>
<li>In products such tiles for laying pedestrian concrete areas, Animal mats used in stables, Insulation tiles used in metro railways for reducing the noise level etc.</li>
<li>Inner Tubes: - A moderate proportion of butyl reclaim is used in butyl inner tubes.</li>
<li>Tubeless Tire Liners: - Butyl reclaimed rubber is used widely because of its good air retention property.</li>
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</ul></span>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-43929190400645203872010-08-27T05:14:00.001-07:002010-08-27T05:31:26.033-07:00LIGHT EMITTING POLYMER<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;">LIGHT EMITTING POLYMER</span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span></span></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-size:130%;">(ലൈറ്റ് എമിറ്റിംഗ് പോല്യ്മര്)</span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><br /></span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The seminar is about polymers that can emit light when a voltage is applied to it. The structure comprises of a thin film of semiconducting polymer sandwiched between two electrodes (cathode and anode).When electrons and holes are injected from the electrodes, the recombination of these charge carriers takes place, which leads to emission of light .The band gap, ie. The energy difference between valence band and conduction band determines the wavelength (colour) of the emitted light.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">They are usually made by ink jet printing process. In this method red green and blue polymer solutions are jetted into well defined areas on the substrate. This is because, PLEDs are soluble in common organic solvents like toluene and xylene .The film thickness uniformity is obtained by multi-passing (slow) is by heads with drive per nozzle technology .The pixels are controlled by using active or passive matrix.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The advantages include low cost, small size, no viewing angle restrictions, low power requirement, biodegradability etc. They are poised to replace LCDs used in laptops and CRTs used in desktop computers today.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Their future applications include flexible displays which can be folded, wearable displays with interactive features, camouflage etc.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>INDEX</strong><br /></span> </div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:lucida grande;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>1. INTRODUCTION</strong> </span><span style="font-size:85%;"> 4</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;font-family:lucida grande;"> </p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:85%;" ><strong>2. SUBJECT DETAILING</strong> </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:85%;" > 6</span></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;font-family:lucida grande;"> </p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;font-family:lucida grande;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF LEP 7</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;font-family:lucida grande;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.1.1 INK JET PRINTING 8</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;font-family:lucida grande;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.1.2 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MATRIX 9</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;font-family:lucida grande;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE AND TECHNOLOGY 11</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p face="lucida grande" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.3 LIGHT EMISSION 12</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p face="lucida grande" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.4 COMPARISON TABLE 15</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; font-family: lucida grande; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;"> </p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:85%;" ><strong style="font-weight: normal;">3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:85%;" > 14</span><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; font-family: lucida grande; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;"> </p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; font-family: lucida grande; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">3.1 ADVANTAGES 19</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; font-family: lucida grande; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">3.2 DIS ADVANTAGES 19</span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"> </p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><strong style="font-weight: normal;">4. APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS</strong></span> <span style="font-size:85%;"> 20</span></p><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> </p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-size:85%;">4.1 APPLICATIONS 21</span></p><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-size:85%;">4.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 23</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><strong></strong></span><br /></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><strong></strong></span><br /></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><tbody><br /><tr><br /><td style="border: medium none rgb(236, 233, 216); background-color: transparent;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;">LIGHT EMITTING POLYMER</span></p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></tbody><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></table><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;">INTRODUCTION</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Introduction-Imagine these scenarios</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">- After watching the breakfast news on TV, you roll up the set like a large handkerchief, and stuff it into your briefcase. On the bus or train journey to your office, you can pull it out and catch up with the latest stock market quotes on CNBC.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: left;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">- Somewhere in the Kargil sector, a platoon commander of the Indian Army readies for the regular satellite updates that will give him the latest terrain pictures of the border in his sector. He unrolls a plastic-like map and hooks it to the unit's satellite telephone. In seconds, the map is refreshed with the latest high resolution camera images grabbed by an Indian satellite which passed over the region just minutes ago.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt; text-indent: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Don't imagine these scenarios at least not for too long.The current 40 billion-dollar display market, dominated by LCDs (standard in laptops) and cathode ray tubes (CRTs, standard in televisions), is seeing the introduction of full-color LEP-driven displays that are more efficient, brighter, and easier to manufacture. It is possible that organic light-emitting materials will replace older display technologies much like compact discs have relegated cassette tapes to storage bins.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The origins of polymer OLED technology go back to the discovery of conducting polymers in 1977,which earned the co-discoverers- Alan J. Heeger , Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa - the 2000 Nobel prize in chemistry. Following this discovery , researchers at Cambridge University UK discovered in 1990 that conducting polymers also exhibit electroluminescence and the light emitting polymer(LEP) was born!.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;">SUBJECT DETAILING</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2. LIGHT EMITTING POLYMER</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">It is a polymer that emits light when a voltage is applied to it. The structure comprises a thin-film of semiconducting polymer sandwiched between two electrodes (anode and cathode) as shown in fig.1. When electrons and holes are injected from the electrodes, the recombination of these charge carriers takes place, which leads to emission of light that escapes through glass substrate. The bandgap, i.e. energy difference between valence band and conduction band of the semiconducting polymer determines the wavelength (colour) of the emitted light.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/5188/zrclip001p666335df.png" height="189" width="215" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"> </p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"><span style="font-size:100%;">2.1 CONSTRUCTION</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Light-emitting devices consist of active/emitting layers sandwiched between a cathode and an anode. Indium-tin oxides typically used for the anode and aluminum or calcium for the cathode. Fig.2.1(a) shows the structure of a simple single layer device with electrodes and an active layer.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/4201/zrclip002n3b1f5f72.png" height="230" width="416" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Single-layer devices typically work only under a forward DC bias. Fig.2.1(b) shows a symmetrically configured alternating current light-emitting (SCALE) device that works under AC as well as forward and reverse DC bias.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In order to manufacture the polymer, a spin-coating machine is used that has a plate spinning at the speed of a few thousand rotations per minute. The robot pours the plastic over the rotating plate, which, in turn, evenly spreads the polymer on the plate. This results in an extremely fine layer of the polymer having a thickness of 100 nanometers. Once the polymer is evenly spread, it is baked in an oven to evaporate any remnant liquid. The same technology is used to coat the CDs.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.1.1 INK JET PRINTING</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 7.15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Although inkjet printing is well established in printing graphic images, only now are applications emerging in printing electronics materials. Approximately a dozen companies have demonstrated the use of inkjet printing for PLED displays and this technique is now at the forefront of developments in digital electronic materials deposition. However, turning inkjet printing into a manufacturing process for PLED displays has required significant developments of the inkjet print head, the inks and the substrates (see Fig.2.1.1).Creating a full colour, inkjet printed display requires the precise metering of volumes in the order of pico liters. Red, green and blue polymer solutions are jetted into well defined areas with an angle of flight deviation of less than 5º. To ensure the displays have uniform emission, the film thickness has to be very uniform.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 7.15pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 7.15pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 7.15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/6178/zrclip003n1a5e1d99.png" height="282" width="424" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 7.15pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 7.15pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 7.15pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 7.15pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 7.15pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Fig. 2.1.1 Schematic of the ink jet printing for PLED materials</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">For some materials and display applications the film thickness uniformity may have to be better than ±2 per cent. A conventional inkjet head may have volume variations of up to ±20 per cent from the hundred or so nozzles that comprise the head and, in the worst case, a nozzle may be blocked. For graphic art this variation can be averaged out by multi-passing with the quality to the print dependent on the number of passes. Although multi-passing could be used for PLEDs the process would be unacceptably slow. Recently, Spectra, the world's largest supplier of industrial inkjet heads, has started to manufacture heads where the drive conditions for each nozzle can be adjusted individually - so called drive-per-nozzle (DPN). Litrex in the USA, a subsidiary of CDT, has developed software to allow DPN to be used in its printers. Volume variations across the head of ±2 per cent can be achieved using DPN. In addition to very good volume control, the head has been designed to give drops of ink with a very small angle-of-flight variation. A 200 dots per inch (dpi) display has colour pixels only 40 microns wide; the latest print heads have a deviation of less than ±5 microns when placed 0.5 mm from the substrate. In addition to the precision of the print head, the formulation of the ink is key to making effective and attractive display devices. The formulation of a dry polymer material into an ink suitable for PLED displays requires that the inkjets reliably at high frequency and that on reaching the surface of the substrate, forms a wet film in the correct location and dries to a uniformly flat film. The film then has to perform as a useful electro-optical material. Recent progress in ink formulation and printer technology has allowed 400 mm panels to be colour printed in under a minute.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.1.2 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MATRIX</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Many displays consist of a matrix of pixels, formed at the intersection of rows and columns deposited on a substrate. Each pixel is a light emitting diode such as a PLED, capable of emitting light by being turned on or off, or any state in between. Coloured displays are formed by positioning matrices of red, green and blue pixels very close together. To control the pixels, and so form the image required, either 'passive' or 'active' matrix driver methods are used.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Pixel displays can either by active or passive matrix. Fig. 2.1.2 shows the differences between the two matrix types, active displays have transistors so that when a particular pixel is turned on it remains on until it is turned off.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The matrix pixels are accessed sequentially. As a result passive displays are prone to flickering since each pixel only emits light for such a small length of time. Active displays are preferred, however it is technically challenging to incorporate so many transistors into such small a compact area.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/750/zrclip004p5093b10a.png" height="353" width="277" /></span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Fig 2.1.2 Active and passive matrices</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In passive matrix systems, each row and each column of the display has its own driver, and to create an image, the matrix is rapidly scanned to enable every pixel to be switched on or off as required. As the current required to brighten a pixel increases (for higher brightness displays), and as the display gets larger, this process becomes more difficult since higher currents have to flow down the control lines. Also, the controlling current has to be present whenever the pixel is required to light up. As a result, passive matrix displays tend to be used mainly where cheap, simple displays are required.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Active matrix displays solve the problem of efficiently addressing each pixel by incorporating a transistor (TFT) in series with each pixel which provides control over the current and hence the brightness of individual pixels. Lower currents can now flow down the control wires since these have only to program the TFT driver, and the wires can be finer as a result. Also, the transistor is able to hold the current setting, keeping the pixel at the required brightness, until it receives another control signal. Future demands on displays will in part require larger area displays so the active matrix market segment will grow faster.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">PLED devices are especially suitable for incorporating into active matrix displays, as they are processable in solution and can be manufactured using ink jet printing over larger areas.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE AND TECHNOLOGY</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Polymer properties are dominated by the covalent nature of carbon bonds making up the organic molecule's backbone. The immobility of electrons that form the covalent bonds explain why plastics were classified almost exclusively insulators until the 1970's.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">A single carbon-carbon bond is composed of two electrons being shared in overlapping wave functions. For each carbon, the four electrons in the valence bond form tetrahedral oriented hybridized sp<sup>3</sup> orbitals from the s & p orbitals described quantum mechanically as geometrical wave functions. The properties of the spherical s orbital and bimodal p orbitals combine into four equal , unsymmetrical , tetrahedral oriented hybridized sp<sup>3</sup> orbitals. The bond formed by the overlap of these hybridized orbitals from two carbon atoms is referred to as a 'sigma' bond.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">A conjugated 'pi' bond refers to a carbon chain or ring whose bonds alternate between single and double (or triple) bonds. The bonding system tend to form stronger bonds than might be first indicated by a structure with single bonds. The single bond formed between two double bonds inherits the characteristics of the double bonds since the single bond is formed by two sp<sup>2</sup> hybrid orbitals. The p orbitals of the single bonded carbons form an effective 'pi' bond ultimately leading to the significant consequence of 'pi' electron de-localization.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Unlike the 'sigma' bond electrons, which are trapped between the carbons, the 'pi' bond electrons have relative mobility. All that is required to provide an effective conducting band is the oxidation or reduction of carbons in the backbone. Then the electrons have mobility, as do the holes generated by the absence of electrons through oxidation with a dopant like iodine.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.2.1 LIGHT EMISSION</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The production of photons from the energy gap of a material is very similar for organic and ceramic semiconductors. Hence a brief description of the process of electroluminescence is in order.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Electroluminescence is the process in which electromagnetic(EM) radiation is emitted from a material by passing an electrical current through it. The frequency of the EM radiation is directly related to the energy of separation between electrons in the conduction band and electrons in the valence band. These bands form the periodic arrangement of atoms in the crystal structure of the semiconductor. In a ceramic semiconductor like GaAs or ZnS, the energy is released when an electron from the conduction band falls into a hole in the valence band. The electronic device that accomplishes this electron-hole interaction is that of a diode, which consists of an n-type material (electron rich) interfaced with p-type material (hole rich). When the diode is forward biased (electrons across interface from n to p by an applied voltage) the electrons cross a neutralized zone at the interface to fill holes and thus emit energy.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The situation is very similar for organic semiconductors with two notable exceptions. The first exception stems from the nature of the conduction band in an organic system while the second exception is the recognition of how conduction occurs between two organic molecules.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">With non-organic semiconductors there is a band gap associated with Brillouin zones that discrete electron energies based on the periodic order of the crystalline lattice. The free electron's mobility from lattice site to lattice site is clearly sensitive to the long-term order of the material. This is not so for the organic semiconductor. The energy gap of the polymer is more a function of the individual backbone, and the mobility of electrons and holes are limited to the linear or branched directions of the molecule they statistically inhabit. The efficiency of electron/hole transport between polymer molecules is also unique to</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">polymers. Electron and hole mobility occurs as a 'hopping' mechanism which is significant to the practical development of organic emitting devices.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">PPV has a fully conjugated backbone (figure 2.2.1), as a consequence the HOMO (exp link remember 6th form!) of the macromolecule stretches across the entire chain, this kind of situation is ideal for the transport of charge; in simple terms, electrons can simply "hop" from one π orbital to the next since they are all linked.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/1866/16643613.jpg" alt="untitled.JPG" height="152" width="445" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Figure 2.2.1 A demonstration of the full conjugation of π</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;">electrons in PPV.The delocalized π electron clouds are coloured yellow.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">PPV is a semiconductor. Semiconductors are so called because they have conductivity that is midway between that of a conductor and an insulator. While conductors such as copper conduct electricity with little to no energy (in this case potential difference or voltage) required to "kick-start" a current, insulators such as glass require huge amounts of energy to conduct a current. Semi-conductors require modest amounts of energy in order to carry a current, and are used in technologies such as transistors, microchips and LEDs.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Band theory is used to explain the semi-conductance of PPV, see figure 5. In a diatomic molecule, a molecular orbital (MO) diagram can be drawn showing a single HOMO and LUMO, corresponding to a low energy π orbital and a high energy π* orbital. This is simple enough, however, every time an atom is added to the molecule a further MO is added to the MO diagram. Thus for a PPV chain which consists of ~1300 atoms involved in conjugation, the LUMOs and HOMOs will be so numerous as to be effectively continuous, this results in two bands, a valence band (HOMOs, π orbitals) and a conduction band (LUMOs, π* orbitals). They are separated by a band gap which is typically 0-10eV (check) and depends on the type of material. PPV has a band gap of 2.2eV (exp eV). The valence band is filled with</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">all the π electrons in the chain, and thus is entirely filled, while the conduction band, being made up of empty π* orbitals (the LUMOs) is entirely empty).</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In order for PPV to carry a charge, the charge carriers (e.g. electrons) must be given enough energy to "jump" this barrier - to proceed from the valence band to the conduction band where they are free to ride the PPV chain's empty LUMOs.(Fig. 2.2.2)</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/7796/ledh.jpg" alt="led.JPG" height="302" width="445" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Figure 2.2.2 A series of orbital diagrams.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• A diatomic molecule has a bonding and an anti-bonding orbital, two atomic orbitals gives two molecular orbitals. The electrons arrange themselves following, Auf Bau and the Pauli Principle.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• A single atom has one atomic obital</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• A triatomic molecule has three molecular orbitals, as before one bonding, one anti-bonding, and in addition one non-bonding orbital.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Four atomic orbitals give four molecular orbitals.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Many atoms results in so many closely spaced orbitals that they are effectively continuous and non-quantum. The orbital sets are called bands. In this case the bands are separated by a band gap, and thus the substance is either an insulator or a semi-conductor.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">It is already apparent that conduction in polymers is not similar to that of metals and inorganic conductors , however there is more to this story! First we need to imagine a conventional diode system, i.e. PPV sandwiched between an electron injector (or cathode), and an anode. The electron injector needs to inject electrons of sufficient energy to exceed the band gap, the anode operates by removing electrons from the polymer and consequently leaving regions of positive charge called holes. The anode is consequently referred to as the hole injector.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In this model, holes and electrons are referred to as charge carriers, both are free to traverse the PPV chains and as a result will come into contact. It is logical for an electron to fill a hole when the opportunity is presented and they are said to capture one another. The capture of oppositely charged carriers is referred to as recombination. When captured, an electron and a hole form neutral-bound excited states (termed excitons) that quickly decay and produce a photon up to 25% of the time, 75% of the time, decay produces only heat, this is due to the the possible multiplicities of the exciton. The frequency of the photon is tied to the band-gap of the polymer; PPV has a band-gap of 2.2eV, which corresponds to yellow-green light.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Not all conducting polymers fluoresce, polyacetylene, one of the first conducting-polymers to be discovered was found to fluoresce at extremely low levels of intensity. Excitons are still captured and still decay, however they mostly decay to release heat. This is what you may have expected since electrical resistance in most conductors causes the conductor to become hot.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0.25in 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Capture is essential for a current to be sustained. Without capture the charge densities of holes and electrons would build up, quickly preventing any injection of charge carriers. In effect no current would flow.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">CHAPTER 3</span></p><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES</span><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: right;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: right;"> </p><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">3.1 ADVANTAGES</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Require only 3.3 volts and have lifetime of more than 30,000 hours.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Low power consumption.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Self luminous.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• No viewing angle dependence.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Display fast moving images with optimum clarity.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Cost much less to manufacture and to run than CRTs because the active material is plastic.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Can be scaled to any dimension.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Fast switching speeds that are typical of LEDs.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• No environmental draw backs.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• No power in take when switched off.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• All colours of the visible spectrum are possible by appropriate choose of polymers.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Simple to use technology than conventional solid state LEDs and lasers.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Very slim flat panel.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;">3.2 DISADVANTAGES</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Vulnerable to shorts due to contamination of substrate surface by dust.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Voltage drops.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Mechanically fragile.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Potential not yet realized.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;">CHAPTER 4</span></p><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;">APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE</span></p><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;">DEVELOPMENTS</span></p><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;">4. APPLICATIONS</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED) can easily be processed into large-area thin films using simple and inexpensive technology. They also promise to challenge LCD's as the premiere display technology for wireless phones, pagers, and PDA's with brighter, thinner, lighter, and faster features than the current display.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size:85%;">4.1 PHOTOVOLTAICS</span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">CDT's PLED technology can be used in reverse, to convert light into electricity. Devices which convert light into electricity are called photovoltaic (PV) devices, and are at the heart of solar cells and light detectors. CDT has an active program to develop efficient solar cells and light detectors using its polymer semiconductor know-how and experience, and has filed several patents in the area.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/139/zrclip005p1e255d78.png" height="146" width="212" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Digital clocks powered by CDT's polymer solar cells.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">4.2 POLY LED TV</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Philips will demonstrate its first 13-inch PolyLED TV prototype based on polymer OLED (organic light-emitting diode) technology Taking as its reference application the wide-screen 30-inch diagonal display with WXGA (1365x768) resolution, Philips has produced a prototype 13-inch carve-out of this display (resolution 576x324) to demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing large-screen polymer OLED displays using high-accuracy multi-nozzle, multi-head inkjet printers. The excellent and sparkling image quality of Philips' PolyLED TV prototype illustrates the great potential of this new display technology for TV applications. According to current predictions, a polymer OLED-based TV could be a reality in the next five years.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/3339/zrclip006nf9dfc9.png" height="199" width="300" /></span> <br /><br /><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;">4.3 BABY MOBILE</span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">This award winning baby mobile uses light weight organic light emitting diodes to realize images and sounds in response to gestures and speech of the infant.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/3746/zrclip007p2917af4b.png" height="345" width="268" /></span> <br /><br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">4.4 MP3 PLAYER DISPLAY</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Another product on the market taking advantage of a thin form-factor, light-emitting polymer display is the new, compact, MP3 audio player, marketed by GoDot Technology. The unit employs a polymeric light-emitting diode (pLED) display supplied by Delta Optoelectronics, Taiwan, which is made with green Lumation light-emitting polymers furnished by Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.</span></p><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;">5. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS</span></p><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><br /></p><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Here's just a few ideas which build on the versatility of light emitting materials.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/8366/zrclip008n1de0f8aa.png" height="171" width="212" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">High efficiency displays running on low power and economical to manufacture will find many uses in the consumer electronics field. Bright, clear screens filled with information and entertainment data of all sorts may make our lives easier, happier and safer</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/6632/zrclip009p11c309db.png" height="171" width="212" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Demands for information on the move could drive the development of 'wearable' displays, with interactive features.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/6292/zrclip010n718b277a.png" height="171" width="212" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Eywith changing information cole woul give many brand ownerve edge</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><img src="http://img80.imageshack.us/img80/7859/zrclip011p4194b834.png" height="171" width="212" /></span> <br /></div><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The ability of PLEDs to be fabricated on flexible substrates opens up fascinating possibilities for formable or even fully flexible displays e catching packaging intent at the point of sa d s a valuable competition</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span style="font-size:85%;">FEW MORE DEVELOPMENTS</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Because the plastics can be made in the form of thin films or sheets, they offer a huge range of applications. These include television or computer screens that can be rolled up and tossed in a briefcase, and cheap videophones.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Clothes made of the polymer and powered by a small battery pack could provide their own cinema show.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• Camouflage, generating an image of its surroundings picked up by a camera would allow its wearer to blend perfectly into the background</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">• A fully integrated analytical chip that contains an integrated light source and detector could provide powerful point-of-care technology. This would greatly extend the tools available to a doctor and would allow on-the-spot quantitative analysis, eliminating the need for patients to make repeat visits. This would bring forward the start of treatment, lower treatment costs and free up clinician time.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The future is bright for products incorporating PLED displays. Ultra-light, ultra-thin displays, with low power consumption and excellent readability allow product designers a much freer rein. The environmentally conscious will warm to the absence of toxic substances and lower overall material requirements of PLEDs, and it would not be an exaggeration to say that all current display applications could benefit from the introduction of PLED technology. CDT sees PLED technology as being first applied to mobile communications, small and low information content instrumentation, and appliance displays. With the emergence of 3G telecommunications, high quality displays will be critical for handheld devices. PLEDs are ideal for the small display market as they offer vibrant, full-colour displays in a compact, lightweight and flexible form. Within the next few years, PLEDs are expected to make significant inroads into markets currently dominated by the cathode ray tube and LCD display technologies, such as televisions and computer monitors. PLEDs are anticipated as the technology of choice for new products including virtual reality headsets; a wide range of thin, technologies, such as televisions and computer monitors. PLEDs are anticipated as the technology of choice for new products including virtual reality headsets; a wide range of thin, lightweight, full colour portable computing; communications and information management products; and conformable or flexible displays.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(51, 204, 0); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></div><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(51, 204, 0); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">6. CONCLUSION</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Organic materials are poised as never before to trans form the world of display technology. Major electronic firms such as Philips and pioneer and smaller companies such as Cambridge Display Technology are betting that the future holds tremendous opportunity for low cost and surprisingly high performance offered by organic electronic and opto electronic devices. Using organic light emitting diodes, organic full colour displays may eventually replace LCDs in laptop and even desktop computers. Such displays can be deposited on flexible plastic coils, eliminating fragile and heavy glass substrate used in LCDs and can emit light without the directionality inherent in LCD viewing with efficiencies higher than that can be obtained with incandescent light bulbs.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Organic electronics are already entering commercial world. Multicolor automobile stereo displays are now available from Pioneer Corp., of Tokyo And Royal Philips Electronics, Amserdam is gearing up to produce PLED backlights to be used in LCDs and organic ICs.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The first products using organic displays are already in the market. And while it is always difficult to predict when and what future products will be introduced, many manufactures are working to introduce cell phoned and personal digital assistants with organic displays within the next few years. The ultimate goal of using high efficiency, phosphorescent</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">flexible organic displays in laptop computers and even for home video applications may be no more than a few years in to the future. The portable and light weight organic displays will soon cover our walls replacing the bulky and power hungry cathode ray tubes.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="page-break-before: always; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;">REFERENCE</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">· www.cdtltd.co.uk</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">· www.research.philips.com</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">· www.covion.com</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">· www.lep-light.com</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">· IEEE JOURNAL</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-37774683803340199702010-08-26T16:39:00.000-07:002010-08-26T17:16:20.084-07:00IMPROVEMENT OF BREAKER OFFCENTERING<title>Zo</title><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>
<br /></strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>PROJECT REPORT</strong></span> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>ON</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong></strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>
<br /></strong></span> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong><span style="font-size:24px;"><strong>IMPROVEMENT OF BREAKER</strong> </span></strong></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>OFFCENTERING</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>
<br /></strong></span> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></p> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><strong><strong>RENJITH. P.R</strong></strong></div><p><strong> </strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong>
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<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><strong>CONTENTS</strong> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introduction</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scope and objectives</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">Study on off centering</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">Methodology</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">Graphs and tables</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">Results</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusions</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">References</p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">
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<br /></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Pneumatic tires are the most versatile and probably the first engineering product made out of polymers and has made it possible the evolution of sophisticated, personalized land transportation system.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br />It was John Boyd Dunlop who in 1888 developed successfully the Pneumatic tire and before that railways offered the only means of transportation for long distances and horse furnished most of the day to day transportation.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">It was the invention of pneumatic tire that widened the horizons of average people and altered their way of life first by popularizing bicycle and then auto mobile, ultimately society itself was changed.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">A Pneumatic tire is a toroidal shaped flexible high performance composite membrane capable of containing air or fluid under pressure when mounted on a rim. Chemically the composite membrane essentially consists of two types of polymers that is rubbers and fiber foaming plastics.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In other words it is a thick rubber rainy often filled with air to carry the load which is fitted around the edge of the wheel of the vehicle, allowing the vehicle to stick to road surface and improving smoothness of journey by acting as a shock absorber.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">FUNCTIONS OF A PNUEMATIC TYRE</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">A pneumatic tire performs the following principal functions.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) It supports the weight of the vehicle</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) It transmits the forces on the vehicle to ground that is, it helps to convert the engine torque to movement of the vehicle.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">c) It gives more comfortable ride to passengers or cargo in the vehicle by</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i) Acting as an additional spring in suspension system.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">ii) Elastic deformations over undulations on road.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">d) It permits cornering on the road at relatively high speeds by its capacity to generate higher cornering forces than it would have been possible with a solid tire.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Beads</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The bead coils are a combination of multi-strand copper-coated high-tensile steel wires. They have the function of providing rigid, practically inextensible units, which retain the inflated tire on the rim under all conditions of loading. The appropriate numbers of wires, formed into a that layer and uniformly separated, are coated with rubber compound by means of a T-head extruder. The layer of wires is coiled to form a ring, and the free wire ends are taped or stapled. The wire treatment and use of fast-curing compound ensure good bonding and a regular bead shape in the finished product. For some purposes, the bead coil is covered with a light cross-woven rubberized textile to contain the wires and preclude any possibility of looseness in service.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Bead Fillers</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0pt 3.25pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0.35pt 0pt 3.25pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In those instances where further reinforcement of the tire bead area is required, the already wrapped and apexed bead may be enclosed by a strip of rubberized textile or, in some applications, by steel cords. Emphasis is on the avoidance of localized circumferential stress lines which could promote looseness or cord break-up under constant Ilex conditions. High-grade flexible heat-resistant compounds are essential for this region of the tire.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.7pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.7pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.7pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Carcass Plies</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 3.25pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 3.25pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">It is the carcass plies that give the tire its strength. These consist of cords of rayon, nylon, or polyester, woven as the warp of a fabric with only very light yarns, widely spaced, as the weft. These weft strands serve to maintain the uniformity of cord spacing during handling but play no part in the performance of the product. The fabric is treated with adhesive, rubberized to a thickness of approximately 1-0 mm. and interleaved with a low moisture regain textile lining. Steel is produced in weft less form from a creel feeding directly through a rubber calendar. The large rolls of rubbered textile approximately 1-5m wide and 300m long are cut into strips, termed plies, on a horizontal Banner machine. This ply cutting plant has facilities for mechanically unwinding large rolls of fabric and simultaneously rewinding the interleaving lining. The fabric sheet is fed forward, through a festoon unit to allow for continuous operation, and then guided along a horizontal multi-belt conveyor to a cross-beam rotary cutting knife This knife is complete with its own drive motor, and the entire unit traverses across the support beam when cutting the material to pre-determined width and bi angle; the latter is variable between 45 and 90, and the operation is controlled by photoelectric cells.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 3.25pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Cut plies are placed manually on adjacent batching tables, where they a joined, end to end, into a continuous length and batched into roll form interleaved with a textile lining to prevent self-adhesion. Suitable devices are provided at all stages to prevent distortion of the material.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tread Bracing Components (Breaker or Belts) for Radial or Belted Bias Tires</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tread bracing components raise the modulus of the tread area, thereby maintaining the inflated tire tread profile and reducing tread pattern movement as it contacts the road.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The method of strip cutting rubbered textile belt cords is identical to this used for cutting plies but, in this case, the travelling beam on the bias cutting machine is adjustable for angles of 15° - 25°. The method c converting the single-layer, low-angle cut strips into the form of the fin; belt may vary. A typical construction for textile belted radial-ply tire employs four layers, made from folded strips, adjacent layers being c opposite bias angle. The method of assembly is shown in Fig. 10.4. In practice the two strips are slightly offset to achieve a graduated step-down in thickness at the belt edges, thereby reducing stress concentration and minimizing the development of looseness in service. In the case of steel belted radial-ply tire appropriate cutting equipment is used to cut the calendared material. Two cut layers are used at appropriate bias angle this form the belt the whole may be encompassed by a calendared shoe containing nylon cords at 0° angle.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Insulating Components (Under tread, Breaker Cushion Insulations)</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">These insulating components are calendared strips of rubber compound usually of 1mm gauge or less. They are located in positions within the structure where additional insulation is required between components to prevent chafing. The compounds are similar to those used for coating the carcass plies.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tread</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The tread is the wearing surface of the tyre. It is applied in the raw state as an extruded slab of rubber compound. In cross-section it is substantially rectangular across the centre portion, tapering down to very fine edges. The thickness must be calculated to accommodate the pattern fragmentation in the tyre mould and to allow an adequate residual thickness beneath the pattern grooves. The tread width is such that the tapered edges extend to a position slightly above the maximum flex zone in the upper sidewall region.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 9pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 9pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The extruding operation is continuous, and the extrudate is either batched as a continuous length into a hand dispenser, for subsequent cutting to length at the tyre building machine, or pre-cut into individual lengths and stored on flat metal trays in multi-leaf stillages.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 16.9pt 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 16.9pt 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Sidewall</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The sidewall is an extruded rubber compound layer which serves to protect the carcass structure from weathering and chafing damage. Together with the tread, which it overlaps in the buttress region, it forms the outermost layer of the tire.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0pt; text-indent: 9.35pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0.35pt 0in 0pt; text-indent: 9.35pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">As with the tread, the extruding operation is continuous, and sidewalls are normally batched into spools interleaved with a textile or polyethylene lining material.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 10.45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 10.45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">For conventional diagonal ply and belted bias tires, built on relatively flat drums, frequently a common formulation permits extrusion of tread and sidewalls as one piece. Two separate compounds are used either to achieve performance or for reasons of economy.
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<br /></p><p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 10.45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Modern dual extruders, feeding through a common Y-box head, produce a combined tread-sidewall unit; by joining the two stocks under high pressure and at high temperature, interface failures are eliminated.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 17.3pt 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Chafer</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 9.35pt 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The chafer is a narrow circumferential strip of material which encloses the completed bead area. Its upper edge is located slightly above the rim flange height and extends downwards and around the bead base. This arrangement provides some protection from rim chafing and, in the case of tubeless tires, serves to prevent air leakage cither into the tire or through the tire in the bead area. To meet these conditions, the material used is either a rubber-coated wick-proof cross-woven textile cut at 45<sup>O</sup> bias or a strip of calendared compound. In the latter case, the strip, of approximately 1mm gauge, is generally fully cured, buffed, and solutioned, prior to assembly into the raw tire. In this way, stock flow during vulcanization is avoided and the retention of an adequate rubber covering over the casing ply edges is assured.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.15in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Processing of cured rubber strips is a continuous operation of multi-strip calendering and vulcanizing by drum cure. After surface buffing and solutioning, individually on an ancillary unit, the strips are spooled in continuous lengths suitably interleaved with polyethylene.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 17.65pt 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Inner Lining</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">For tubed tires, the inner lining is a thin layer of compound usually calendared direct on to the underside of the first ply after the latter has been joined and batched in continuous lengths. The component serves to insulate fully the tyre cords from the inner tube and thereby prevent tube chafing damage. It also protects the cords from possible degradation due to atmospheric moisture absorption.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 6.1pt 0.7pt 0pt 0in; text-indent: 9.7pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In tubeless tires, the inner lining is the air-retaining member and is usually calendared as a two-layer laminate having stepped edges. The overall gauge may be as high as 2-5 mm, and the width must ensure that the edges are overlapped by the inner edges of the chafer. This provides a low permeability layer from bead tobead.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 16.2pt 0in 0pt 1.1pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Clinch Strip</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 7.55pt 0.7pt 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The clinch strip may be considered as an extension to the lower edge of the sidewall, introduced as a further anti-abrasion measure on radial ply tires, which are more subject to rim chafing than the cross ply tyre. It is a narrow extruded strip, about 25 mm wide and tapered at both edges, which is normally hot-assembled to the sidewalls by operating extruders in train.</p> <p style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 7.55pt 0.7pt 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">It should be appreciated that the above elemental breakdown only deals with a comparatively simple passenger car tire construction. Truck tires and allied ranges are far more complex, involving many additional components, inserts, and compounds. Also, it will be obvious that preparation and handling techniques have to be adjusted to deal with the sheer dimensional size and weight of components used in these products. Steel ply radial giant earthmover, and aircraft tires are particular examples.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">BASIC TIRE TYPES</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">1. Bias angle or cross ply tyre</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In this construction reinforcing cords extend diagonally across the tyre from bead to bead. The bias angle of the cord path to the center line of the tyre is generally in the range of 25 to 40 degrees. The cords run in opposite directions in each successive lyres (or ply) of the reinforcing material, resulting in a criss-cross pattern. This type has been a standard construction for years.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Radial tyre</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.1in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In this construction, the plies of reinforcing cords extend transversely from beads to bead. On top of the plies (under the tread) is an inextensible belt composed of several layers of cords. The belt cords are low angle (10 to 30 degrees) and act to restrict the 90 degree carcass plies .Increased sidewall bulging is characteristic of radial tires.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.1in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">3. Bias \ Belted tyre</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.1in; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.1in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.1in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Which consists of a bias angle carcass with a circumferentially restricting belt? In The bias\belted tyre the carcass angle is generally maintained between 25 and 45 degrees and the belt angle between 20 and 35 degrees. In addition, the angle of the belt is about 5 degrees less than the angle of the carcass.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">TYREMANUFACTURING</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ8BQP28NjWOO3_637_5myoZOlYnkzQkfY49Wc5Ld9pkvnwa6D70ZsZiJ3CUW70DlcV3lhh6LdEAmyvf8cC1fO7-45icINRXl7WIbh-I6rtzvwycvMbeYh4h0LY9Hy3K9fFv5UQTlBfFY/s1600/renj.bmp"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 401px; height: 432px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ8BQP28NjWOO3_637_5myoZOlYnkzQkfY49Wc5Ld9pkvnwa6D70ZsZiJ3CUW70DlcV3lhh6LdEAmyvf8cC1fO7-45icINRXl7WIbh-I6rtzvwycvMbeYh4h0LY9Hy3K9fFv5UQTlBfFY/s320/renj.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509874765283198498" border="0" /></a></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
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<br /></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES</p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tire manufacturing includes many stages. All these stages are prone to some kind of defects. Even the smallest defect in any of these stages can have significant effect on performance of a tire.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">This project is undertaken to study off centering of breakers that is to determine possible reasons of its occurrence and to suggest methods to improve it. Off centering of breakers can be one of the main reasons for inducing the early failures during service period there by reducing the life of tires.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Off centering of breaker can occur because of the following reasons</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Incoming material related problems</p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Machine related problems</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3. Worker related problems</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">STUDY OF OFFCENTREING OF BREAKERS</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">BREAKERS:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">These are short plies with low EPI (ends per inch) cut at an angle and are positioned centrally between tire casing and tread to strengthen carcass against impact. They also provide cushioning effect and increase the modulus of tread area. They are made by rubberizing dipped fabric on calendar and then cutting them by bias cutting machine. Breakers are used mainly in biased tires where as in radial tires they are replaced by steel belts.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">During rotation the carcass transmits all the forces on to the ground through the tread at contact patch. The tread being a rubber mass undergoes considerable deformation while transmitting these forces as well as engaging on the road deformities. This deformation of tread cause excessive stress strain concentration at tread to carcass interface and consequent premature failures. In order to dilute this concentration, a graded structure is opted for biased carcass in which the outer most layer in contact with tread are low modulus suspended plies, or breakers with high gauge of rubber insulation (Low EP (840/2) followed by intermediate layer and real pressure bearing inner plies.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The EPI (ends per inch), i.e. number of cords per unit area is much lower than carcass plies. This helps for rubber compound penetration between the cards which help in achieving better bond between tread and carcass as well as it provides impact resistance.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In general the function of breakers can be summarized as</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i) It provides stability to the tread and helps in distributing forces uniformly throughout the tire structure.</p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">ii) Breakers hold the tread firmly to carcass and also help in providing impact resistance to tread region.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">OFFCENTERING</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Off centering is actually the displacement of breaker from the central position in a band or a tire building drum. This defect can occur mainly during two stages of tyre construction; they are band building and tire building.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Off centering of breakers in tires can lead to;</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1) Tread shoulder separation</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2) Reduction in tyre life due to early failures.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">To study about off centering of breakers mainly we deal with 2 departments</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1) Band building department</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2) Tire building department</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Band building</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In band building department the components of carcass, i.e. the inner liner plies and ply squeegees are assembled to form bands. Usually for a truck tire mainly 3 bands are employed.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">First band - it consists of the inner liner, plies and ply squeegees. First the inner liner is applied to drum followed by 3 plies with 3 ply squeegees in between.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Second band - It consists of 3 plies with 3 ply squeegees in between</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Third band - it consists of 2 plies, 2 ply squeegees and 2 breakers.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Band is usually constructed in a band building machine. Band building machine consists of a metallic drum driven by a shaft, containing a canvas that is held by a tension bar beneath it. During construction of bands the plies are placed in opposite direction. This is same in case of breakers also. The placement of breakers in 3<sup>rd</sup> band should be in such a way that distance of breaker from both ends of ply should be zero or less than 5. When the difference is more than 5 which is the tolerable value the band is said to be offcentred.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Off centering of breaker in band building machine can occur mainly because of</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Machine related problems like</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) Canvas shift</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) Tension bar alignment</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">c) Light setting vibration</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Material related problems like</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) Variation in width of incoming material</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3. Worker related problems like</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) Error in adjustment of light setting</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) Stretching of plies and breaker during band building</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">TYPICAL BAND BUILDING MACHINE</p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7TGIgDGgqtvIpBmVHI-VKDpnH8a3EvquuIJ6ubNaXKWblNMLaxCIr-22965EHTVHA9MdNZrrfsyw5knkTIhZdN8WWwHjNDlmKropgZrH6Wl1pyw3ErQJEOdxBqYKJf2-HLxS_P_eJmb4/s1600/renj1.bmp"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 532px; height: 395px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7TGIgDGgqtvIpBmVHI-VKDpnH8a3EvquuIJ6ubNaXKWblNMLaxCIr-22965EHTVHA9MdNZrrfsyw5knkTIhZdN8WWwHjNDlmKropgZrH6Wl1pyw3ErQJEOdxBqYKJf2-HLxS_P_eJmb4/s320/renj1.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509875792879495234" border="0" /></a></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tire Building</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In tire building process all the components of a tire are assembled to make a raw tire called green tire. The building machine consists of a metallic drum, which is mounted on a drive shaft. The ends of the drum are flanged to suit the bead configuration of the tire to be built. In all cases the overall diameter of the drum exceeds the nominal tire diameter. This difference is known as drum crown height and varies from tire type & size. Radial ply tire require complex and costlier machinery having inflatable textile reinforced diaphragms, overlying a skeletal metal drum shell, to shape the carcass plies and other components up to the diameter for belt fitting.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In tire building machine there is located a bead carrier ring on either side of the drum. This ring is concentric with the drum and is capable of moving inwardly to provide an interference contact with the drum shoulders and there by transfer and consolidate the tire beads against the partly build casing structure. In the carrier ring frame, there are inbuilt spring steel fingers, which forms a circle turn the plies down the contact shoulder of the drum immediately before the beads make contact. Attach to the building machine base plate and to the rear of the drum are two pneumatically operated component consolidating assemblies each comprising two pairs of shaped disc rollers. The rollers of one assembly are located on either side of the drum and pivot around the tire bead area for the purpose of turning and interlocking various components around the bead. The pair of rollers forming the second assembly traverses laterally, out word from the central line of the drum to consolidate the sidewall elements of to the carcass. In case of ply building system servicer is placed at the rear of the machine. More common is to build bands of plies before building tire. Bands with 3 to for plies are assembled together on band building machine. No of plies in a band depends upon the service requirements. No. of bands in a tire also depends upon the service requirements. The diameter of the band is kept lower than that of the drum.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Drum is collapsed, the two beads are placed on the carrier rings and the drum is expanded. A rubber base adhesive is applied to the drum shoulders. First band is then slipped over the drum under rotation with the help of the stick to apply pressure at the edges. The bead carrier ring assemblies then automatically turn down the ply edges around the drum and consolidate the beads. This is followed by the other bands and the second bead, in between the ply edges are turned around the beads. Then the chafer strips are applied and down with the ply edges. After this tread is applied and consolidated followed by applying of side walls on both sides. Final consolidation is done by traversing rollers. On completion drum is collapsed and green tire is removed from the building machine.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In case of radial ply construction (which differs from biased ply construction in the angle of orientation of chord in the plies) different approaches are followed. Earlier building and shaping operations were carried out on different machines. But in modern industries both the operations are carried out in the same machine.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Offcentring of breaker in tire building can occur mainly because of</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Error in light setting</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">REASONS FOR OFFCENTERING IN BAND BUILDING</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Machine Related problems.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Canvas Shift</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In a band building machine, bands are constructed over an in extensible canvas that holds the tension bar and the drum. Depending upon the nature of bands to constructed different canvas is used. The canvas lies holding the building drum and the tension bar. During band construction first the canvas is inserted over the drum by keeping the tension bar in closed position. After insertion on the drum, the tension bar is lowered; this keeps the canvas held tightly over machine. Now plies are rolled over canvas and then made into a band. For the proper construction of a band it is necessary that the canvas should have the same perimeter in both the side (machine side and operator side). In case there is variation in perimeter in both side (i.e., difference between perimeter in both sides is greater than 10) then canvas shifting will occur. I.e. canvas during construction of band will move from one side to another over the building drum. (That is canvas moves from area having lesser perimeter to be having more perimeters). In such cases when the builder places the breaker on to the drum, over the plies this shifting movement causes breaker to be placed in such way that distance of breaker from ply ends unequal.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">When the canvas shifts whole ply which is placed over the canvas also shifts then builder places. The breaker onto the ply according to the light setting which is incorrect then. The result will be huge difference in distance of breaker from both ply ends. The region of canvas with higher perimeter will have distance of breaker from ply ends greater than the other region of canvas with lower perimeter. The ultimate result will be off centering of breaker.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) Tension bar alignment</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Every band building machine consists of a iron bar with a rubberized coating over it placed below the building drum. The main function of tension bar is to hold the canvas in position. The tension bar is usually placed as a cant lever. Now the alignment of tension bar is critical for production of an okay band. The correctly aligned tension bar will have same distance from building drum with canvas in open position that is difference in distance between tension bar and building drum should be zero. If the difference exceeds 10mm then it will put more pressure on 10 the canvas inducing canvas shifting. This will lead to off centering.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">c) Light setting vibration</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Every band building machine consists of a light setting (which consists two to three laser beams)</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Three laser beams are placed with respect to the edge of band building drum</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; text-indent: -1in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; text-indent: -1in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. First beam for correct placement of plies.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Second and third for correct placement of I and II breakers worker places the breakers and plies to form a band based on this light setting if there is vibration in this light setting because of some kind of machine problems then it will induce the worker to make an off band or offcentred band. Since vibration causes variation in distance set on drum.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Material related problems</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) Variation in Incoming material</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Fort he purpose of making an ok band, it is necessary that the plies and breakers should have some specified dimensions. When plies and breakers are concerned width forms main area of concern. It is based on this width that light setting in done in band building machine. For example is apply is having a width of 845mm, first breaker - 415mm and 2<sup>nd</sup> breaker 210 mm the light setting is adjusted in such a way that distance of first breaker from ply ends is 317.5mm and that of 2<sup>nd</sup> breaker is 215mm. But this speficaition work only if width of all these components comes in the tolerable range (ie ±5m). Whenever the width of breakers and plies exceeds more than 5mm, it becomes difficult to centre the breaker correctly on the band building drum.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -1in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">[Even if builder changes to set the breaker correctly on onside because of incoming material width variation the distance of breaker may very badly on other side, leading to off centering]</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The breakers and plies are given a tolerance of ±5mm when the width exceeds 5mm or goes down below 5mm it may lead to off centering. In coming material variation occur mainly due to problems in bias cutting.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3. Worker related problems</p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i) Error in light setting adjustment</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Each band building machine consists of a light setting comprising of three laser beams over the drum. Three laser beams are provided over the drum with respect to drum edges. First beam for placement of ply, 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> for placement of breakers. For the purpose of building a correct band it is necessary that this light setting adjustment is done correctly by the builder. When the builder creates some error in this light setting the result will be variation from specification, which will ultimately lead to an offcentred band.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2) Ply stretch during band building</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Since plies and breakers are rubberized fabric they are likely to be deformed when they are excursively stretched when plies or breakers are stretched it will lead to reduction in width of both plies and breakers. When width reduces below a tolerable limit say 5mm, it becomes impossible to centre the breaker on the band building drum. The ultimate result will be correct reference distance on. One side of the band and incorrect distance on other side. (That is huge difference in distance between breakers from ply ends)</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">REASONS FOR OFFCENTERING IN TIRE BUILDING</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In tyre building the only chance of error likely to occur is in light setting.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">After bands are made they are inserted on to the tire building drum for making green tire. During insertion of band care should be taken to see that the breaker comes exactly in the centre of the drum i.e., distance of band edges from either side of building drum should be equal. In order to center the band perfectly, light setting is provided at both the ends of the building drum. Light setting consists of a laser beam fitted on to the top of a steel rod placed parallel to axis of building drum. For the perfect centering of band on the tire building drum the edge of band inserted should coincide with the laser beam. As the distance of band edge from light setting increases off centering also increases.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><em>
<br /></em></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><em>
<br /></em></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><em>
<br /></em></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"><em>METHODOLOGY</em> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">ACTIVITIES</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">BAND BUILDING</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Studies for off centering were carried out on 4 band building machines building the 3<sup>rd</sup> band.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1) Machine related problems</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 135pt; text-indent: -1.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 135pt; text-indent: -1.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) Canvas shift</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i) All the machines were examined for any kind of technical defects which could affect off centering.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">ii) Perimeter of canvas was taken in both machine side and operator's side. [Dimensions are measured after removing canvas from the band building drum]</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 99pt; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">iii) Shifting of canvas for 3 revelations of drum are noted. (3 revelations forward and backward)</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 135pt; text-indent: -1.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 135pt; text-indent: -1.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 135pt; text-indent: -1.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) Tension bar alignment</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Distance of tension bar form the band building drum is noted with canvas and without canvas. 3 check points are made i.e., perimeter of canvas in operators side, middle and machine side). The distance between drum and tension bar is noted in closed and open position without canvas also.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">c) Light setting vibration</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i) Light setting is checked continuously after every 3 bands made.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">ii) Material related problems</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Breakers and plies from bias cutting departments are continuously checked for width variation.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">For every breaker and ply both upper and lower part are examined for width variation. Cut to cut variation is noted.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3. Worker Related issues</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) Light setting variation</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Error in Light setting is a worker related issue so every worker is examined for any kind of variation in light setting. So each worker is examined for correct light setting every machine is surveyed for minimum 3 workers.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) Stretching of plies and breaker closing band building</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- The process of band building requires some kind of force to be applied on to the plies and breakers for the purpose of making a band. Plies from conveyer are pulled on to the building drum to form the band. The breakers are also applied in the same way. To see whether stretching has any affect on off centering first points are marked on the ply before it is made into a band and its width is noted. The dimensions are again checked after the ply is made into a band at the same point marked. The same procedure is carried out for breakers also.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tire building</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Light setting validation is done in tyre building section studies conducted include:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Centering of breaker on tyre building drum.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS</strong> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>Band building</strong> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The following conclusions were made from the study</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1) Incoming material width variation</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) Variation in width of incoming ply material were found to be 7mm more than the specified value.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) Variation in width of incoming 1<sup>st</sup> breaker was found to be 10 mm more than the specified value. Rare cases recorded shows deviation of 8mm lower than that of specified value.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">c) Width of 2<sup>nd</sup> breaker was found to vary badly when compared to plies and first breaker. The deviation of actual values from the specified values was found to be about 10 mm.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The above mentioned variations were sufficient to cause breaker off centering.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2) Machine related problems</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) Survey was conducted on four band building machines.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Out of four machines two machines showed higher canvas shift of about 12 to 15mm which is very high.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">This data pinpoints the role of canvas shift in off centering.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3) Worker related problems</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) Ply stretch during band building</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Stretching of plies during band building could cause only around 2mm to 3mm reduction in width which is negligible.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Both first and second breaker width was found to reduce by 2mm to3 mm during band formation</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Studies conducted indicate that ply stretching has no significant role in off centering of breakers in band building.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) Error in light setting</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Light setting variation for first and second breakers was checked for 6 operators.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">For first breaker, out of 6 operators, 2 to 3 operators were found to vary reference distance by more than 5mm from spec value.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">For second breaker 1to 2 operators were found to vary reference distance by about 5mm more than specified value.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The above data clearly indicates the error in light setting which shows that it has a significant role in breaker off centering.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>Tire building</strong> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Light setting validation was done in tire building section.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Data collected from tire building did not show any kind of variation</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">From the above data it could be concluded that only source of off centering issue in tire building is off centered bands</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong><em>
<br /></em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong><em>
<br /></em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong><em>CONCLUSIONS</em> </strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The following conclusions were made from the studies conducted</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><strong>BAND</strong> <strong>BUILDING</strong> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;">Ø Incoming material variation seemed to be the main material related problem that caused off centering of breakers</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;">Ø Out of all machine related problems canvas shift proved to be the main reason for breaker off centering.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;">Ø Other machine related issues like light setting vibration and tension bar alignment did not have any effect on off centering.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;">Ø Main worker related problem that caused offcentering of breakers was the error in light setting</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;">Ø Other worker related issues like stretching of plies during band building did not have any significant effect on off centering.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>
<br /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><strong>TYRE</strong> <strong>BUILDING</strong> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ø Data collected from tire building did not show any kind of variation</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ø From the above data it could be concluded that only source of off centering issue in tire building is off centered bands</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; line-height: 150%;"></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;">Ø So the best possible option for improvement of breaker off centering is to reduce the above mentioned problems.</p>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3865388735037748936.post-25934559589761633502010-08-22T16:53:00.001-07:002010-09-01T08:34:00.749-07:00RADIAL TYRE vs BIAS TYRE<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">RADIAL TYRE vs BIAS TYRE<br />
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</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>A Pneumatic Tyre</i></b> is a toroidal shaped flexible high performance composite membrane capable of containing air or fluid under pressure when mounted on a suitable rim</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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</div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>A tire</b> (or tyre in British English) is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself is derived from the word "attire", referring to the dressing of the wheel.</span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>The</i> fundamental materials of modern tires are rubber and fabric along with other compound chemicals. Their constructive make-up consists of the tread and the body. The tread provides traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fit around wooden wheels in order to prevent wear and tear. The most recent and popular type of tire is pneumatic, pertaining to a fitted rubber based ring that is used as an inflatable cushion and generally filled with compressed air. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such as bicycles, motorcycles, cars, trucks, earthmovers, and aircraft.</span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="color: #ff6666; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="color: #ff6666; font-size: 100%;"><b>BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A PNEUMATIC TYRE</b></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="color: #cc0000; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1) <b>CUSHION THE RIDE</b></span></div><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 85%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<div style="color: #cc0000; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 85%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">2) <b>LOAD CARRYING</b></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 85%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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3) <b>TRANSPORT THE LOAD</b></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 85%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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5) <b>DEVELOP CORNERING FORCE</b></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 85%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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6) <b>ECONOMICE PERFORMANCE</b></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 85%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<div style="color: #3366ff; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>DESIGNING THE TYRE FOR BASIC REQUIREMENTS</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"></span><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>LOAD:</i></b> Taken by the air pressure - needs strength in the radial direction</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>CUSHIONING :</i></b> Imparted by the air Influenced by the ability of the tyre membrane to deform radially</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>TRANSPORT:</i></b> Traction, braking, road forces acting circumferentially in the contact area .Needs strength in the circumferential direction in the contact area.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>CORNERING:</i></b> Ability to develop cornering forces to counteract centrifugal forces .Needs excellent grip with ability to undergo lateral deformation</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>DURABILITY:</i></b> Adequate flex fatigue properties and wear resistance to give economic life.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Rolling Resistance</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Directional Stability</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Wet Traction</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Cut/Bruise/Stone Penetration Resistance</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Less Noise</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Excellent Uniformity And Balance</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Puncture Resistance</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>High Speed Capability</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Run Flat Capability</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Whether Resistance</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Re treadability</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Cost</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ø <b>Mileage Etc. …..</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<div style="color: red; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>THREE</b> DIMENSIONAL PERFORMANCE CAPABILITY OF A TYRE</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image003.jpg" height="222" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/8380/image003sm.jpg" width="336" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Tyre</b> <b>Size Designations</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>Bias Tyres</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">10.00-20</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Where 10.00 - Nominal section width in inches</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">- Indicates bias tyre</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">20 - Nominal rim diameter in inches</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">7.50-16</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Where 7.50 -</i> Nominal section width in inches</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">- Indicates bias tyre</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">16 - Nominal rim diameter in inches</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>Radial Tyres</i></b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">145/70TR12</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Where 145 - Nominal section width in mm.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">70 - Aspect ratio</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Aspect ratio -</i> ratio of section height to section width</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">T - Speed rating, 190 kmph.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">R - Indicates radial tyres</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">12 - Nominal rim diameter in inches</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">9.00R20</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Where 9.00 - Nominal section width in inches.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">R - Indicates radial tyres</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">20 - Nominal rim diameter in inches</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="color: #ff6666; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Classification of Tyres</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>a. Based on construction</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>Bias :</i></b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tyres where the fabric cords run from one bead to</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> another at an angle with respect to the centerline</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> of the tyre.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>Radial</i></b> <i>:</i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">The cords on the tyre runs from one bead to</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> another bead at 90 ° with respect to the centerline</span><br />
</div><span style="font-size: 85%;"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">of the tyre and with low angle belts for strength in</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> circumferential direction.</span><br />
</div><span style="font-size: 85%;"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i><br />
</i></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>Bias belted:</i></b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Bias tyres with low angle belts.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Bias angle:</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Bias Angle : The angle which the cords in the tyre makes with respect to the centerline of the tyre is the most important parameter in the bias tyre.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>The higher the angle the better the load carrying capacity - equivalent radial tyres requires a much lower Number of plies compared to a bias tyre.</i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>The lower the angle the better the speed capabilities and The handling characteristics,</i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="color: red; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b><i>b. Based on application</i></b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<ol style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Passenger</i></span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>LCV</i></span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Truck</i></span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Farm - Rear Tractor (Flotation ,self cleaning ,directional)</i></span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Aero</i> - Pure rib, nitrogen inflation</span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>OTR etc.</i></span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span></ol><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="color: red; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><i>C.</i></b> <b><i>Tube type or tubeless</i></b></span></div><span style="color: red; font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="color: red; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Tubeless tyres will have better riding comfort than tube type tyres and the overall tyre weight will be lesser than tyre & tube weight in a tube type tyre.</i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Tubeless tyres will have higher bead seat taper compared to the tube type tyres.</i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="color: red; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b><i>D.</i></b> <b><i>Based on tread pattern</i></b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b><i>Rib tyres</i></b> - Front application designed for</span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>better handling.</i></span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Grooves and sipes are for water</i></span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span>
<li style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>channeling to avoid -aquaplaning.</i></span></li>
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span></ul><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span></li>
</ul><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="d:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /> <b><i>Lug tyres</i></b> - Rear Application (drive wheel)</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">o <i>designed for better traction.</i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="d:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /> <b><i>Semilug tyres</i></b> - Front or rear application</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">o <i>designed for bad roads and</i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">o <i>hilly terrains.</i></span></div><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>RIB TYPE</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image005.gif" height="121" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/1026/image005ar.gif" width="252" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>LUG TYPE</b></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image007.gif" height="120" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/820/image007su.gif" width="252" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">SEMI LUG TYPE</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image009.gif" height="122" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/774/image009q.gif" width="268" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<h2 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tire construction (<i>Radial</i>)</span></h2><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image010.png" height="400" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/5695/image010d.png" width="434" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
</span><br />
<h3 style="color: #ff6666; margin: auto 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><i>Basic Overview of Tyre Building</i></span></h3><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<h3 align="center" style="margin: auto 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="color: #3366ff; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i>Tyre</i> Manufacturing</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span></h3><h3 align="center" style="margin: auto 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Process Stages of Building a Modern Radial Tyre</span></h3><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<h3 align="center" style="margin: auto 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i><img alt="image012.png" height="235" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/196/image012h.png" width="364" /></i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image014.png" height="94" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/8055/image014.png" width="364" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">The major steps in tyre manufacturing</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image018.gif" height="230" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/8103/image018q.gif" width="364" /><br />
<br />
</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Material Preparation</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image016.png" height="244" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/6504/image016.png" width="364" /></span></div></h3><h3 align="center" style="margin: auto 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</h3><h3 align="center" style="margin: auto 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</h3><h3 align="center" style="margin: auto 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</h3><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Textile Calendering Steel Calendering</span></h3><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image019.gif" height="255" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/1916/image019m.gif" width="364" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Steel Calendering</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image020.png" height="218" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/1954/image020r.png" width="364" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Extrusion - Preparation of Treads and Sidewalls</span></h3><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image022.png" height="228" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/5431/image022.png" width="364" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span></div><h3 align="center" style="margin: auto 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
<br />
</span></h3><br />
<div style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Bead Production</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image024.png" height="222" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/9715/image024.png" width="364" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tyre Assembly Machine</span></h3><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image027.jpg" height="205" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/1001/image027ii.jpg" width="336" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Curing Press / Mould</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image028.png" height="222" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/9721/image028.png" width="364" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<h3 style="margin: auto 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">CarcassBuilding</span></h3><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;">Bead wires are set at the applicators. Bead joint has to be in the right place to avoid tyre imbalance</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;">Inner Liner</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Inner liner is set at the drum and rotated around the drum at one turn. The joint is cut with a hot knife. Inner liner is set end to end so that the diagonal cutting seam is at the top. The ends are joined manually.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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</h3><h3 style="font-weight: bold; margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Body Ply: Mounting</span></h3><br />
<h3 style="font-weight: normal; margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Cord ply ends are set at the drum and rotated around the drum at one turn. The cord is cut by hand with a join of 2-5 overlapping wires. The join is pressed carefully together at the edges.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin-left: 3.5in;"></div><br />
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<div style="margin-left: 3.5in;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Bead Wire Mounting and Turn-Up</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;">Bead wire mounting and turn-up is done automatically. Bead wire applicators bring the beads to the carcass. Edges are turned up with bladders over the beads and stitched tightly.</span><br />
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<div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Sidewall Mounting and Joining</span></div></h3><h3 style="font-weight: normal; margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Sidewall ends are set at the drum and rotated around the drum at one turn. Sidewall is set end to end and the seam is fastened together manually.</span></h3><h3 style="font-weight: normal; margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tread Package</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;">Steel belt tables go down on the drum automatically. Steel belt is joined by cutting it with a hot knife and setting the ends together.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span></h3><h3 style="font-weight: normal; margin: auto 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Cap Ply: Mounting and Joining</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%;">The ends of the nylon cap ply, is set at the drum in the middle of the steel belts. Bandage is wound on top of the steel belts 1-2 times. The bandage is cut with scissors.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tread Mounting</span></div><br />
</h3><h3 style="font-weight: normal; margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tread is pulled onto the drum automatically. Tread is set end to end and joined automatically.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="margin-left: 3in;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 3in;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;">First and Second Stage Coupling</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 85%;">Carcass (1st stage) and tread (2nd stage) packages are joined automatically. The carcass is set at the flanges of the carcass drum, pressurised, fastened to the tread package and stitched together.</span><br />
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</span></h3><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Green Tyre</span><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">After building the green tyre it is transferred to the painting machine, where anti-blemish chemicals are applied.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image049.gif" height="46" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/8113/image049.gif" width="267" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image050.jpg" height="286" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/1518/image050l.jpg" width="491" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">In a radial tyre plycords run from bead to bead in a radial manner and are protected with dual steel belts, which makes tread very stiff. But in bias tyre plycords run diagonally and are protected with nylon breakers</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="color: #ff6666; font-size: 100%;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">Bias-Ply History</i></span><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image053.jpg" height="324" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/1971/image053d.jpg" width="408" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0in -0.25in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
<br />
</span></div></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">In 1898, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company discovered the process of vulcanizing rubber. To strengthen and mold the rubber, a casing of reinforced layers or plys of rubberized fabric cords are embedded into the rubber. Each subsequent layer is laid in alternating diagonal pattern bias to the bead cord. The degree of the bias varied between manufactures, running between 30 to 55 degreesto the bead cord.</span></div><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0in -0.25in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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</span></div></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-size: 85%;">For the next 60 years, bias-ply tires ruled the roads of America and gradually evolved from cotton cord belts in 1915, to rayon cord in the 1930 s, and then to nylon cords in 1943. Improved technology changes to bias-ply designs were introduced in 1954 with the advent of tubeless tires on Packard built cars, which fast became the standard on all automobiles there after.</span></div><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0in -0.25in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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</span></div></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-size: 85%;">In 1959, steel corded tires were introduced, followed by fiberglass corded</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> tires in 1963, all based on the bias-ply design. The level of bias-ply tire design has remained pretty much unchanged since around 1965 when radial tires started showing up in dealer show rooms.</span></div><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><br />
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</span></div></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;">The main advantage of bias-ply tires is in its load carrying capabilities in relation to tire size. A smaller bias-ply tire can carry more load than a radial tire of similar size. The drawbacks are higher friction, equating to higher tire temperatures which results in faster wear. Also, the tread contact area (the area were tread meets pavement) is smaller and since the sidewall and tread area are constructed of one material, cornering affects the contact area more than on radial designed tires</span></div><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="color: #ff6666; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 5pt -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="color: #ff6666; font-size: 100%;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">Radial Tire History</i></span><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image055.gif" height="276" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/3217/image055.gif" width="360" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Michelin first introduced steel-belted radial tires in Europe in 1948. Radial tires are so named because the ply cords radiate at a 90 degree angle from the bead cord, and the casing is strengthened by a belt of steel fabric that runs around the circumference of the tire. In radial tire design the ply cords are made of nylon, rayon, or polyester.<br />
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In 1966, Michelin struck a deal with Sears to manufacture radial tires for sale under the Allstate label and within four years Sears was selling one million units per year. In the mid-1960s, B.F. Goodrich embraced radial technology as a means to win market share from its larger rivals, and the company introduced the first American-made radial in the mid-1960s and supported the launch with the Radial Age advertising campaign in 1968.<br />
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The August 1968 Consumer Reports awarded its top two spots to radials and documented the new technology s longer life, increased safety, handling and economy relative to even top-of-the-line bias-ply tires.<br />
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The advantages of radial tires include longer tread life, better steering characteristics, and less rolling resistance, which increases gas mileage. On the other hand, radials have a harder riding quality, and technologically are more complex than bias-ply tires, so they cost more to produce</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="color: #33ff33; font-weight: normal; margin: 0in -0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><i>ADVANTAGES OF RADIAL TYRES OVER BIAS TYRES</i></span></div><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><br />
</i></span></div><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1 . Radial is an efficient engineering design.</span></div><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Bias is a compromise design.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. Not realising the full potential of the fabric reinforcement</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">3. In radial tyre, the sidewall work independently of tread whereas in a bias tyre they work in sympathy.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image071.jpg" height="240" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/5540/image071a.jpg" width="264" /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</div><div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Consider "x" kg is the BS of fabric. Then for a bias tyre, the factor forcarrying the load is given by"x sin ø" which is always much less than "x" as bias angle is around 38-45°. For a radial tyre it is "x sin90 = x"</span></div><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">2. 80-100% INCREASE IN MILEAGE</span></div><div style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="d:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /> No contact patch distortions</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="d:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="16" /> No pantographic motions inside the tyre structure</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image072.gif" height="171" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/7636/image072w.gif" width="458" /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="d:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /> No shuffling of tread elements. Shuffling of tread elementswith road surface results in abrasion. Lateral stiffness and circumferential stretch resistance of radial belt coupled with supple sidewall practically eliminates shuffling or scuffing with road surface.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Overall fuel efficiency up by 5-7% for car tyres and up 10% for truck tyres. (This is more pronounced at high spee</span></span>d)</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Lower rolling resistance. Rolling resistance is the retarding force acting on a free rolling tyre opposite to the direction of rotation. Rolling resistance of a radial tyre is 15-20% less than that of a corresponding bias tyre.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. Less internal friction.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">3. No shuffling of tread elements</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">4. Cooler running</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">5. Radial has lower volume of materials</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">4. Excellent traction and braking on both wet and dry roads.</span></div><div style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. No de-stabilisation of contact patch</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. Higher contact area</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">3. More uniform pressure distribution.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">4. Stiff belts . No deformation of tread in the direction of travel results in efficient transmission of tractive and braking torques.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">5. Uninterrupted drainage channels.</span></div><span style="color: #ff6666; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<div style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">5. Safe high speed cornering</span></div><div style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="image077.jpg" src="http://img693.imageshack.us/img693/1193/image077a.jpg" style="height: 993px; width: 564px;" /></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Develops high cornering force (capable of higher lateral deformation due to supple sidewall) and reduced slip angle .</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Slip angle - When a pneumatic tyre is subjected to lateral forces (curve, effect of cross wind etc.), the mid plane of the tyre automatically diverges from the actual direction of vehicle motion. The angle between the direction of motion and the mid plane of the tyre is called slip angle.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;">The angle between thedirection in which thetyre, and thereforethe car, is pointingand actually travelingis known as the Slip Angle</span><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">This can be increased or decreased by the driver turning the steering wheel. In normal condition this angle relates approximately linear to the amount of side force developed generated by tyre.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Lateral deformations do not destabilise the contact patch whereas in a bias tyre the outer edge lifts while negotiating a curve leads to reduced contact area which leads to instability..</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;"></div><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">6. Improved riding comfort.</span></h3><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 6pt 0in 5pt 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Supple and independently flexible sidewall.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. Sooth transmission of road shocks.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">3. The response lag of a bias tyre makes the ride uncomfortable at high speed.</span></div><div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">7. Excellent high speed capability.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Less internal shear</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. Generates less heat and hence can sustain high speed..</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">3. Thinner casing radiates heat fast.</span></div><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">8. Improved endurance life and retreadability.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Less internal shear and compression</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. Generates less heat and hence less degradation..</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">3. Thinner casing radiates heat fast.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">4. Radial dispositioning of carcass cords lowers compressive flexing which enhances the endurance life.</span></div><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin: 5pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">9. Runs quieter.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 6pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Majority of the noise is taken care in the tread pattern</span></div></h3><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><br />
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<div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">10. Excellent impact resistance.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Supple sidewall absorbs road shocks better.</span><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. High strength belt resist breakage</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">11. Improved puncture and run flat resistance</span>.</span></div><div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Radial tyres rolls over the object and not drags over it.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. No peristalsis or pantographic motions to drive the object in to the tyre structure.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">3. Stiff belt prevents penetration</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">4. In tubeless tyres, slow rate of air loss gives sufficient warning time.</span></div><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">12. Excellent impact resistance.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Supple sidewall absorbs road shocks better.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. High strength belt resist breakage</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">13. Improved puncture and run flat resistance.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1. Radial tyres rolls over the object and not drags over it.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">2. No peristalsis or pantographic motions to drive the object in to the tyre structure.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">3. Stiff belt prevents penetration</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">4. In tubeless tyres, slow rate of air loss gives sufficient warning time.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">14. Reduced vehicle maintenance</span></div><div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #3366ff; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">15. Reduction in vehicle weight.</span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><i>DISADVATAGES OF RADIAL TYRES</i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="d:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="16" /> <i>Heavier steering at parking speeds due to</i> <i>lateral stiffness of the belt.</i></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="d:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="16" /> <i>Sidewall damages by external objects due to high flexing of the sidewall</i></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="d:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CVISHNU%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="16" /> <i>Harsher low speed ride with steel belted tyres</i> <i>.</i></span></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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</h3><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 130%;">Conclusion</span><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0in -0.25in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;"></div></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;">The main advantage of bias-ply tires is in its load carrying capabilities in relation to tire size. A smaller bias-ply tire can carry more load than a radial tire of similar size. The drawbacks are higher friction, equating to higher tire temperatures which results in faster wear. Also, the tread contact area (the area were tread meets pavement) is smaller and since the sidewall and tread area are constructed of one material, cornering affects the contact area more than on radial designed tires.</span></div><h3 style="margin: auto 0in;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-right: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">The advantages of radial tires include longer tread life, better steering characteristics, and less rolling resistance, which increases gas mileage. On the other hand, radials have a harder riding quality, and technologically are more complex than bias-ply tires, so they cost more to produce.</span></div></h3><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0in -0.25in 0pt 0in;"></div><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;"><iframe align="right" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=polyme0b-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=B000COO1UO&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><br />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div></h3>Vishnu Dashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01032087886599968147noreply@blogger.com2